Pyrrhoderma noxium

Pyrrhoderma noxium is a species of plant pathogen. It attacks a wide range of tropical plants, and is the cause of brown root rot disease. It has been described as "an aggressive and destructive pathogen". The pathogen invades roots with contact between roots of a potential host with the substrate on which the fungus is growing.

Infection

P. noxium attacks the roots and lower trunk of trees, causing roots to rot and resulting in dieback. It causes brown root rot disease, which afflicts over 200 plant species in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen can survive in the soil and on dead plant material for more than a decade, and the primary source of infection to other plants and trees is from contact with infected root material to the healthy plant's root.

Treatment

Fungicides Calixin, Bayleton, and Nustar inhibits growth for P. noxium on agar medium, however was not ultimately found to be effective in eradicating the fungus in infested wood. A mixture of ammonia and urea, as well as just volatile ammonia in itself, was found able to kill P. noxium in infested wood. Strains of Trichoderma applied in mulch around infected P. noxium trees started to grow new roots within 6–8 weeks of application, and the mycelium of P. noxium was eradicated after 8–11 weeks of exposure.

Distribution

P. noxium has been recorded from tropical regions, as well as Japan and Australia, but has not been reported from South America.

List of countries where ''P. noxium'' is present

Hosts

Host	Family	Host status	References

Acacia confusa	Fabaceae	Main	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Acacia mangium	Fabaceae	Unknown	Glen et al. Mohd et al.
Adenanthera pavonina	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Albizia lebbeck	Fabaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio
Alstonia scholaris	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Anacardium occidentale	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Supriadi et al.
Annona montana	Annonaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Annona squamosa	Annonaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Aralia elata	Araliaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Araucaria cunninghamii	Araucariaceae	Main	Ann et al. Brooks Chang and Yang Tsai et al.
Araucaria heterophylla	Araucariaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Ardisia sieboldii	Primulaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Artemisia capillaris	Asteraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Artocarpus altilis	Moraceae	Main	Brooks Hodges and Tenorio
Artocarpus heterophyllus	Moraceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Averrhoa carambola	Oxalidaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Azadirachta excelsa	Meliaceae	Unknown	Farid et al. Mohd et al.
Barringtonia asiatica	Lecythidaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Barringtonia samoensis		Unknown	Brooks
Bauhinia	Fabaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio
Bauhinia purpurea	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Bauhinia variegata	Fabaceae	Main	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Huang et al. Tsai et al.
Bischofia javanica	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Bombax ceiba	Bombacaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Calocedrus formosana	Cupressaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Calophyllum inophyllum	Clusiaceae	Main	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Chang and Yang Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Calophyllum neoebudicum		Unknown	Brooks
Camellia japonica	Theaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Camellia sinensis	Theaceae	Main	Ann et al.
Cananga odorata	Annonaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Canarium harveyi	Strombidae	Unknown	Brooks
Cassia fistula	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Casuarina	Casuarinaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio
Casuarina equisetifolia	Casuarinaceae	Main	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al.
Ceiba speciosa		Unknown	Akiba et al.
Celtis boninensis		Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Celtis sinensis	Ulmaceae	Unknown	Wang et al.
Cerbera manghas	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Chorisia speciosa	Bombacaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Cinnamomum camphora	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Huang et al. Tsai et al.
Cinnamomum doederleinii	Lauraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al.
Cinnamomum japonicum	Lauraceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Cinnamomum kanehirai	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Cinnamomum kotoense		Unknown	Tsai et al.
Cinnamomum osmophloeum	Lauraceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Cinnamomum pseudopedunculatum		Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Cinnamomum verum	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Cinnamomum yabunikkei		Unknown	Akiba et al.
Citrus	Rutaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio
Citrus limon	Rutaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Codiaeum variegatum	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Coffea	Rubiaceae	Main
Coffea arabica	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Cordia alliodora	Boraginaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Cordia aspera		Unknown	Brooks
Cordia dichotoma	Boraginaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Corymbia citriodora	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Chang and Yang Tsai et al.
Crossostylis biflora		Unknown	Brooks
Cycas taitungensis	Cycadaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Dalbergia sissoo	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Delonix regia	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Hodges and Tenorio Huang et al. Tsai et al.
Dimocarpus longan	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Tsai et al. Ann et al.
Diospyros decandra		Unknown	Ann et al.
Diospyros kaki	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Diospyros samoensis	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Diospyros vera	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al.
Distylium lepidotum	Hamamelidaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Distylium racemosum	Hamamelidaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al.
Duranta erecta	Verbenaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Dypsis lutescens	Arecaceae	Unknown	Huang et al.
Dysoxylum samoense	Meliaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Ehretia philippinensis		Unknown	Akiba et al.
Elaeagnus rotundata		Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Elaeis guineensis	Arecaceae	Main	Pinruan et al.
Elaeocarpus serratus	Elaeocarpaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Elaeocarpus sylvestris	Elaeocarpaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. Akiba et al.
Elattostachys falcata		Unknown	Brooks
Eriobotrya japonica	Rosaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Erythrina	Fabaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio
Erythrina variegata	Fabaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Eucalyptus	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Chang and Yang
Eucalyptus grandis	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Chang and Yang
Eucalyptus pellita	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Agustini et al. Glen et al.
Eugenia uniflora	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Akiba et al.
Euonymus boninensis		Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Ficus	Moraceae	Unknown	Brooks
Ficus awkeotsang	Moraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Ficus benghalensis	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Ficus benjamina	Moraceae	Unknown	Huang et al.
Ficus elastica	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Ficus microcarpa	Moraceae	Main	Akiba et al. Chang and Yang Huang et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al. Wang et al.
Ficus obliqua		Unknown	Brooks
Ficus pumila	Moraceae	Unknown	Chang and Yang
Ficus punctata		Unknown	Ann et al.
Ficus religiosa	Moraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Tsai et al.
Ficus tinctoria		Unknown	Akiba et al. Brooks
Ficus virgata	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Firmiana simplex	Sterculiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Flueggea flexuosa	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Fraxinus formosana	Oleaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Garcinia mangostana	Clusiaceae	Main
Garcinia subelliptica	Clusiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Gardenia jasminoides	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Glochidion obovatum	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Glochidion ramiflorum		Unknown	Brooks
Gmelina arborea	Lamiaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Grevillea robusta	Proteaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Hernandia nymphaeifolia	Hernandiaceae	Unknown	Brooks Sahashi et al.
Hevea brasiliensis	Euphorbiaceae	Main	Brooks Mohd et al. Nandris et al.
Hibiscus glaber	Malvaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis	Malvaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Chang and Yang Sahashi et al.
Hibiscus schizopetalus	Malvaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Hibiscus tiliaceus	Malvaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Brooks Chang and Yang
Hydrangea chinensis		Unknown	Ann et al.
Ilex rotunda	Aquifoliaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Inocarpus fagifer	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Intsia bijuga	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Ipomoea pes-caprae	Convolvulaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Jatropha integerrima	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Juniperus chinensis var. kaizuka	Cupressaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana		Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Khaya senegalensis	Meliaceae	Unknown	Burcham et al. Wang et al.
Kigelia africana	Bignoniaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Koelreuteria elegans var. formosana	Sapindaceae	Main	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Tsai et al.
Koelreuteria paniculata	Sapindaceae	Habitat/association
Lactuca indica	Asteraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Lagerstroemia speciosa	Lythraceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Lagerstroemia subcostata	Lythraceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Lagerstroemia turbinata		Unknown	Chang and Yang
Lannea coromandelica	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Supriadi et al.
Lantana camara	Verbenaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Leptopetalum grayi		Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Leucaena leucocephala	Fabaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Chang and Yang Hodges and Tenorio Sahashi et al.
Ligustrum japonicum	Oleaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Ligustrum micranthum	Oleaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Liquidambar formosana	Hamamelidaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Tsai et al.
Litchi chinensis	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Litsea glutinosa	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Litsea hypophaea		Unknown	Ann et al.
Litsea japonica	Lauraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Macaranga harveyana		Unknown	Brooks
Macaranga stipulosa		Unknown	Brooks
Macaranga tanarius	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Chang and Yang Ann et al.
Maesa tenera	Myrsinaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Malpighia emarginata	Malpighiaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Dann et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al.
Melaleuca bracteata	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Melaleuca leucadendra	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Melia azedarach	Meliaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Michelia compressa	Magnoliaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Michelia figo	Magnoliaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Morinda citrifolia	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Morus australis	Moraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Murraya paniculata	Rutaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al.
Nandina domestica	Berberidaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Neolitsea sericea	Lauraceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. Akiba et al.
Neonauclea forsteri	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Nerium oleander	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Ochrosia nakaiana	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Osmanthus fragrans	Oleaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Osmanthus insularis		Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Pachira aquatica	Bombacaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Palaquium formosanum	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Pandanus boninensis		Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Persea thunbergii	Lauraceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Persea zuihoensis	Lauraceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Pinus thunbergii	Pinaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Pipturus argenteus	Urticaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Pistacia chinensis	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Pittosporum tobira	Pittosporaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al.
Planchonella grayana		Unknown	Brooks
Planchonella obovata	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Planchonella torricellensis	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Podocarpus macrophyllus	Podocarpaceae	Main	Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al. Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Pometia pinnata	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Pongamia pinnata	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Populus deltoides	Salicaceae	Unknown	Sujan and Pandey
Prunus armeniaca	Rosaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Prunus campanulata	Rosaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Prunus mume	Rosaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Tsai et al. Ann et al.
Prunus persica	Rosaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al.
Psidium cattleianum	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Psidium guajava	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Pterocarpus indicus	Fabaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang Tsai et al.
Pyrus communis	Rosaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Pyrus pyrifolia	Rosaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al. Ann et al.
Rhaphiolepis indica	Rosaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata		Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Rhaphiolepis umbellata	Rosaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Roystonea regia	Arecaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Salix babylonica	Salicaceae	Main	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Samanea saman	Fabaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Schinus terebinthifolius	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Spathodea campanulata	Bignoniaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Spondias dulcis	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Brooks Sahashi et al.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis	Verbenaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Sterculia foetida	Sterculiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Sterculia lanceolata		Unknown	Huang et al.
Swietenia macrophylla	Meliaceae	Unknown	Brooks Sujan et al.
Swietenia mahagoni	Meliaceae	Main	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Syzygium	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Brooks
Syzygium inophylloides	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Brooks
Syzygium samarangense	Lithomyrtus	Unknown	Ann et al. Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Taiwania cryptomerioides	Chrysomelidae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Tectona grandis	Lamiaceae	Main	Farid et al. Mohd et al. Mohd et al. Farid et al.
Terminalia catappa	Combretaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Ann et al. Sahashi et al. Tsai et al.
Terminalia richii	Combretaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Theobroma cacao	Malvaceae	Main	Brooks
Thespesia populnea	Malvaceae	Unknown	Hodges and Tenorio
Toona sinensis	Meliaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.
Toxicodendron succedaneum	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al. Sahashi et al.
Trachelospermum asiaticum	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Trema orientalis	Ulmaceae	Unknown	Akiba et al. Sahashi et al.
Ulmus parvifolia	Ulmaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Urena lobata	Malvaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Vernicia fordii	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Chang and Yang
Virola surinamensis	Myristicaceae	Unknown	Brooks
Vitis	Vitaceae	Unknown	Ann et al.
Vitis vinifera	Vitaceae	Unknown	Ann et al. Tsai et al.
Wikstroemia pseudoretusa	Thymelaeaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Zanthoxylum ailanthoides	Rutaceae	Unknown	Sahashi et al.
Ziziphus mauritiana	Rhamnaceae	Unknown	Tsai et al.