Persian phonology


The phonology of the Persian language varies between regional dialects and standard varieties. Persian is a pluricentric language and countries that have Persian as an official language have separate standard varieties, namely: Standard Dari, Standard Iranian Persian and Standard Tajik. The most significant differences between standard varieties of Persian are their vowel systems. Standard varieties of Persian have anywhere from 6 to 8 vowel distinctions, and similar vowels may be pronounced differently between standards. However, there are not many notable differences when comparing consonants, as all standard varieties have a similar number of consonant sounds. Though, colloquial varieties generally have more differences than their standard counterparts. Most dialects feature contrastive stress and syllable-final consonant clusters. Linguists tend to focus on Iranian Persian, so this article may contain less adequate information regarding other varieties.

Vowels

The graph to the right reflects the vowels of many educated Persian speakers from Tehran.
In Iranian Persian there are three short vowels:, and, and three long vowels:, and. The three short vowels are only short when in an open syllable that is non-final ; e.g., صِدا "sound", خُدا "God". In an unstressed closed syllable, they are around 60 percent as long as a long vowel. Otherwise all vowels are long; e.g., سِفْت‌تَر "firmer". When the short vowels are in open syllables, they are also sometimes unstable and may tend to assimilate in quality to the following long vowel. Thus, دِوِیسْت "two hundred" ranges between and ; شُلُوْغ "crowded" ranges between and ; رَسِیدن "to arrive" ranges between and ; and so on.
In Dari the short vowels are, and in Kabul, however is pronounced as in other regions such as Herat. In Dari and Tajik is the most common vowel and at the end of a word may be pronounced as. Unlike Iranian Persian, Dari has 5 long vowels ,,,, and. The Dari vowel and the Iranian vowel are, respectively, the unrounded and rounded versions of the same vowel.
In Iranian Persian word-final is rare except for تُو "you" and nouns of foreign origin. Word-final is very rare in Iranian Persian, with the exception being نَه "no". The word-final in Early New Persian mostly shifted to in contemporary Iranian Persian, and is also an allophone of in word-final position. is the most common short vowel that is pronounced in final open syllables.

Diphthongs

The status of diphthongs in Persian is disputed. Some authors list, others list only and, but some do not recognize diphthongs in Persian at all. A major factor that complicates the matter is the change of two classical and pre-classical Persian diphthongs: and. This shift occurred in Iran but not in some modern varieties. Morphological analysis also supports the view that the alleged Persian diphthongs are combinations of the vowels with and.
The Persian orthography does not distinguish between the diphthongs and the consonants and ; that is, they are both respectively written as ی and و.
becomes in the colloquial Tehran dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Iranian Persian.

Spelling and example words

In the modern Perso-Arabic alphabet, the short vowels, and are usually left unwritten, as is normally done in the Arabic alphabet.

Historical shifts

Early New Persian inherited from Middle Persian eight vowels: three short i, a, u and five long ī, ē, ā, ō, ū. It is likely that this system passed into the common Persian era from a purely quantitative system into one where the short vowels differed from their long counterparts also in quality: i > ; u > ; ā >. These quality contrasts have in modern Persian varieties become the main distinction between the two sets of vowels.
The inherited eight-vowel inventory is retained without major upheaval in Dari, which also preserves quantitative distinctions.
In Western Persian, two of the vowel contrasts have been lost: those between the tense mid and close vowels. Thus ē, ī have merged as, while ō, ū have merged as. In addition, the lax close vowels have been lowered: i >, u > ; this vowel change has also happened in many dialects of Dari. The lax open vowel has become fronted: a >, and in word-final position further raised to. Modern Iranian Persian does not feature distinctive vowel length.
In both varieties, ā is more or less labialized and raised in Dari. Dari ō is also somewhat fronted.
Tajiki has also lost two of the vowel contrasts, but differently from Western Persian. Here, the tense/lax contrast among the close vowels has been eliminated. That is, i and ī have merged as, and u and ū as. The back vowels have chain shifted as well. Open ā has been rounded and raised to an open-mid vowel . In northern dialects, mid ō has shifted to, while in southern dialects, mid ō has shifted upward and merged with ū as.
A feature of Eastern Persian dialects is the systematic lowering of i and ī to e and ē, and u and ū to o and ō, directly before a glottal consonant that is in the same syllable; loanwords from Arabic generally undergo these changes as well. However, since has merged into in most dialects of southern and central Tajikistan, is realized before the glottal consonants in those dialects instead.
The following chart summarizes the later shifts into modern Tajik, Dari, and Western Persian.

Consonants

Notes:
  1. In Central Iranian Persian and have merged into ; as a voiced velar fricative when positioned intervocalically and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop otherwise. Many dialects within Iran have well preserved the distinction.
  2. While a single phoneme across all dialects, it may be interpreted as phonemic /w/ in Dari and Classical Persian, and phonemic /v/ in Iranian Persian. In Dari and Classical Persian, this phoneme is fairly stable; it is exclusively realized as without any notable allophonic variations. In Iranian Persian, this phoneme is a stable in the onset, but less stable in the coda, where may occur after certain vowels. In Tajik, it varies freely between most of the time, but is more common in the syllable onset.

Allophonic variation

Alveolar stops and are either apical alveolar or laminal denti-alveolar. The voiceless obstruents are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not contrastive. The Persian language does not have syllable-initial consonant clusters, so unlike in English, are aspirated even following, as in هَسْتَم . They are also aspirated at the end of syllables, although not as strongly.
The velar stops are palatalized before front vowels or at the end of a syllable.
In Classical Persian, the uvular consonants غ and ق denoted the original Arabic phonemes, the fricative and the plosive, respectively. In modern Tehrani Persian, there is no difference in the pronunciation of غ and ق. The actual realisation is usually that of a voiced stop, but a voiced fricative is common intervocalically. The classical pronunciations of غ and ق are preserved in the eastern varieties, Dari and Tajiki, as well as in the southern varieties.
Some Iranian speakers show a similar merger of ج and ژ, such that alternates with, with the latter being restricted to intervocalic position.
Some speakers front to a voiceless palatal fricative in the vicinity of, especially in syllable-final position. The velar/uvular fricatives are never fronted in such a way.
The flap has a trilled allophone at the beginning of a word; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination of , especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words. An approximant also occurs as an allophone of before ; is sometimes in free variation with in these and other positions, such that فارْسِی is pronounced or and سَقِرْلات or. is sometimes realized as a long approximant.
The velar nasal is an allophone of before, and the uvular nasal before.
may be voiced to, respectively, before voiced consonants; may be bilabial before bilabial consonants. Also may in some cases change into, or even ; for example باز may be pronounced as well as or and/or, colloquially.

Dialectal variation

The pronunciation of و in Classical Persian shifted to in Iranian Persian and Tajik, but is retained in Dari. In modern Persian may be lost if preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel in one whole syllable, e.g. خواب 'sleep', as Persian has no syllable-initial consonant clusters.

Spelling and example words

Before every initial vowel onset, a glottal stop is pronounced.
In standard Iranian Persian, the consonants and are pronounced identically.
Consonants, including and, can be geminated, often in words from Arabic. This is represented in the IPA by doubling the consonant, سَیِّد саййид.

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

may be structured as V.
Persian syllable structure consists of an optional syllable onset, consisting of one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, consisting of one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
  • Onset
  • * Consonant : Can be any consonant.
  • Nucleus
  • * Semivowel
  • * Vowel
  • * Semivowel
  • Coda
  • * First consonant : Can be any consonant.
  • * Second consonant : Can also be any consonant.

Word accent

The Persian word-accent has been described as a stress accent by some, and as a pitch accent by others. In fact, the accented syllables in Persian are generally pronounced with a raised pitch as well as stress; but in certain contexts words may become deaccented and lose their high pitch.
From an intonational point of view, Persian words usually have the intonation H*, e.g. کِتاب 'book'; unless there is a suffix, in which case the intonation is H* + L, e.g. کتابم 'my book'. The last accent of a sentence is usually accompanied by a low boundary tone, which produces a falling pitch on the last accented syllable, e.g. کِتاب بُود 'it was a book'.
When two words are joined in an اِضافَه ezafe construction, they can either be pronounced accentually as two separate words, e.g. مَرْدُمِ اِینْجا 'the people here', or else the first word loses its high tone and the two words are pronounced as a single accentual phrase:. Words also become deaccented following a focused word; for example, in the sentence نامَهٔ مامانَم بُود رُو میز 'it was my mom's letter on the table' all the syllables following the word مامان 'mom' are pronounced with a low pitch.
Knowing the rules for the correct placement of the accent is essential for proper pronunciation.
  1. Accent is heard on the last stem-syllable of most words.
  2. Accent is heard on the first syllable of interjections, conjunctions and vocatives. E.g. بله , نَخَیْر , وَلِی , چِرا , اَگَر , مِرْسِی , خانُم , آقا ; cf. 4-4 below.
  3. Never accented are:
  4. # personal suffixes on verbs, ,.., ;
  5. # the possessive and pronoun-object suffixes,,,, &c.
  6. # a small set of very common noun enclitics: the اضافه , a definite direct object marker, , ;
  7. Always accented are:
  8. # the personal suffixes on the positive future auxiliary verb ;
  9. # the negative verb prefix, ;
  10. # if, is not present, then the first non-negative verb prefix, or the prefix noun in compound verbs ;
  11. # the last syllable of all other words, including the infinitive ending and the participial ending, in verbal derivatives, noun suffixes like and, all plural suffixes, adjective comparative suffixes, and ordinal-number suffixes. Nouns not in the vocative are stressed on the final syllable: خانُم , آقا ; cf. 2 above.
  12. In the informal language, the present perfect tense is pronounced like the simple past tense. Only the word-accent distinguishes between these tenses: the accented personal suffix indicates the present perfect and the unstressed one the simple past tense :
FormalInformalMeaning
دِیدَه‌اَم'I have seen'
دِیدَم'I saw'

Colloquial Iranian Persian

When spoken formally, Iranian Persian is pronounced as written. But colloquial pronunciation as used by all classes makes a number of very common substitutions. Note that Iranians can interchange colloquial and formal sociolects in conversational speech. They include:
  • In the Tehran accent and also most of the accents in Central and Southern Iran, the sequence in the colloquial language is nearly always pronounced. The only common exceptions are high prestige words, such as ایران , and foreign nouns, like the Spanish surname بِلْتْران Beltrán, which are pronounced as written. A few words written as are pronounced, especially forms of the verb آمَدَن .
  • In the Tehran accent, the unstressed direct object suffix marker را is pronounced after a vowel, and after a consonant.
  • /h/ can be deleted in syllable-final position; e.g. کوه ->.
  • Some consonant clusters, especially, can be simplified in syllable-final position; e.g. دَسْت ->.
  • The 2nd and 3rd person plural verb subject suffixes, written and respectively, are pronounced and.
  • The stems of many frequently-occurring verbs have a short colloquial form, especially اَسْت , which is colloquially shortened to after a consonant or after a vowel. Also, the stems of verbs which end in, or a vowel are shortened; e.g. می‌خواهَم →, and می‌رَوَم .