Stork-billed kingfisher
The stork-billed kingfisher, is a tree kingfisher which is widely but sparsely distributed in the tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India to Indonesia. These kingfishers are large and have a heavy bill. The head is brown and the chin is paler coloured. The sexes are similar in coloration. This is found mostly in streams and ponds in lowland areas with tree cover. This kingfisher is sendentary throughout its range.
Taxonomy
The first formal description of the stork-billed kingfisher was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae. He coined the binomial name Alcedo capensis. Linnaeus based his description on Mathurin Jacques Brisson's "Le martin-pescheur du Cap de Bonne Espérance". Brisson believed his specimen had come from the Cape of Good Hope region of South Africa. The species does not occur in Africa and it was suggested that the specimen had been obtained on the Indonesian island of Java. The specimen is now known to have come from near Chandannagar in West Bengal, India. Linnaeus's specific epithet capensis denotes the Cape of Good Hope. The current genus Pelargopsis was introduced by the German zoologist Constantin Gloger in 1841.Thirteen subspecies are recognised:
- P. c. capensis – Nepal through India to Sri Lanka
- P. c. osmastoni – Andaman Islands
- P. c. intermedia Hume, 1874 – Nicobar Islands
- P. c. burmanica Sharpe, 1870 – Myanmar to Indochina and south to north Malay Peninsula
- P. c. malaccensis Sharpe, 1870 – central and south Malay Peninsula, Riau Archipelago and Lingga Islands
- P. c. cyanopteryx – Sumatra, Bangka Island and Belitung Island
- P. c. simalurensis Richmond, 1903 – Simeulue Island
- P. c. sodalis Richmond, 1903 – Banyak, Nias, Batu and Mentawai Islands
- P. c. innominata – Borneo
- P. c. javana – Java
- P. c. floresiana Sharpe, 1870 – Bali to Flores
- P. c. gouldi Sharpe, 1870 – north Philippines
- P. c. gigantea Arthur Hay, 9th [Marquess of Tweeddale|Walden], 1874 – central and south Philippines
Description
It is a very large kingfisher, measuring in length. The adult has a green back, blue wings and tail, and olive-brown head. Its underparts and neck are buff. The very large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the stork-billed kingfisher is laboured and flapping, but direct. Sexes are similar. There are 13 races or subspecies, differing mostly in plumage detail, but P. c. gigantea of the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines has a white head, neck and underparts.Habits
The stork-billed kingfisher lives in a variety of well-wooded habitats near lakes, rivers, or coasts. It perches quietly whilst seeking food, and is often inconspicuous despite its size. It is territorial and will chase away eagles and other large predators. This species hunts fish, frogs, crabs, rodents and young birds. They were also recorded feeding on fruits.They are largely sedentary but capable of dispersal and may move in search of water during dry weather.
Adults dig their nests in river banks, decaying trees, or tree termite nests. Both members of the pair take part in next excavation. They initially strike the soil in flight to loosen soil and after creating a perch they cling and peck to excavate the hole. A clutch of two to five round white eggs is typical. The eggs are about 34 to 39 mm long and about 29 to 32 mm wide.
The call of this noisy kingfisher is a low and far reaching peer-por-por repeated about every 5 seconds, as well cackling ke-ke-ke-ke-ke-ke.