Paul I. Richards


Paul Irving Richards was a physicist and applied mathematician. Richard's is best known to electrical engineers for the eponymous Richards' transformation. However, much of his career was concerned with radiation transport and fluid flow. Notably, he produced one of the earliest models of traffic waves on busy highways.

Early life and education

Richards was born in Orono, Maine in 1923. In 1943 he dropped out of his undergraduate course at Harvard after the first year to work at the Radio Research Laboratory set up on the campus at Harvard during World War II to research electronic countermeasures. At the end of the war, Richards was accepted back into Harvard as a Ph.D. student without first completing his bachelor's degree. He received his Ph.D. in physics in 1947 with a dissertation on commensurate line theory that marked the beginning of this field.

Career

At RRL Richards worked on microwave filters, an important component of radar and countermeasures against it. This work formed the background for his commensurate line theory, although that theory was apparently not well developed enough at the time to be put to use in wartime work. The culmination of this theory was in his 1948 paper "Resistor-transmission-line circuits", after which Richards left the field of microwave engineering. The theory formed the basis of most transmission-line type microwave filters for at least the next thirty-five years and the design technique is still in use today. Richards' transformation, introduced in this work, is still found in modern textbooks on radio frequency filter design. During this period Richards also discovered a theorem in complex analysis now known as Richards' theorem which has applications in network synthesis.
Between 1947 and 1952 he was a physicist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory helping to develop the magnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with Earl E. Hays and Samuel Goudsmit. From 1952 to 1954 he was director of research at Transistor Products Inc. From 1954 to 1968 he was senior physicist with Technical Operations Inc. In 1956, while at Technical Operations, Richards produced a paper "Shock waves on the highway", one of the earliest theoretical models of traffic waves. The traffic flow model described in this paper is now known as the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model.
From 1968 until his death on 19 November 1978 he was a senior scientist with Arcon Corporation. At Arcon he was primarily concerned with radiation transport, particularly neutrons.

Editorships

Richards was on the publications committee of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and was an editor of SIAM Review. Richards was interested in promoting clarity in scientific writing. He wrote a book and several articles on the subject.

Selected works

Books

Manual of Mathematical Physics, Pergamon Press, 1959.Proper Words in Proper Places, Christopher Publishing House, 1964 —A guide to technical writing.

Articles

  • , Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 34, iss. 3, pp. 145–150, March 1946.
  • , Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 34, iss. 9, pp. 624–629, September, 1946.
  • , Ph.D. thesis, Harvard, 1947.
  • , Duke Mathematical Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, 777–786, 1947.
  • "General impedance-function theory", Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, vol. 6, pp. 21–29, 1948.
  • , Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 36, iss. 2, pp. 217–220, 1948.
  • , Physical Review, vol. 73, iss. 3, p. 254, February 1948.
  • , The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 16–29, March 1948.
  • , Physical Review, vol. 73, iss. 10, pp. 1178–1180, May 1948.
  • , Physical Review, vol. 74, iss. 7, pp. 835–836, October 1948.
  • "Magnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer", Physical Review, vol. 76, p. 180, 1949.
  • , Nucleonics, vol. 6, iss. 6, pp. 42–49, June 1950., American Scientist, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 711–716, October 1951.
  • , Physical Review, vol. 84, iss. 4, pp. 824–829, November 1951
  • , Physical Review, vol. 100, iss. 2, pp. 517–522, October 1955.
  • , Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 27, iss. 9, pp. 1024–1050, 1956.
  • , Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 46, iss. 11, pp. 927–934, 1956.
  • , Operations Research, vol. 4, iss. 1, pp. 42–51, 1 February 1956.
  • , IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 178–182, April 1958.
  • , Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 49, iss. 3, pp. 245–249, 1959.
  • , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 51, iss. 4, pp. 664–671, April 1964.
  • , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1160–1164, November 1964.
  • , SIAM Review, vol. 7, iss. 3, pp. 376–380, July 1965.
  • , Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 55, iss. 4, pp. 552–553, April 1967.