Pangasinan language


Pangasinan is an Austronesian language, and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pangasinan and northern Tarlac, on the northern part of Luzon's central plains geographic region, most of whom belong to the Pangasinan ethnic group. Pangasinan is also spoken in southwestern La Union, as well as in the municipalities of Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, and Zambales that border Pangasinan. A few Aeta groups and most Sambal in Central Luzon's northern part also understand and even speak Pangasinan as well.

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family.
Pangasinan is similar to other closely related Philippine languages, Malay in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and Singapore, Hawaiian in Hawaii, Māori in New Zealand, and Malagasy in Madagascar. The Pangasinan language is closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages of the Northern Philippine language family.
The other Pangasinic languages are:
  • Ibaloi
  • Karao
  • Iwaak
  • Kalanguya/Kallahan

    Geographic distribution

Pangasinan is the official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinense. The province has a total population of 2,343,086, of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. As of 2020, Pangasinan is ranked tenth on the leading languages generally spoken at home in the Philippines with only 334,759 households still speaking the language. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Zambales, and Nueva Vizcaya, and has varying speakers in Metro Manila, Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino, Bulacan, Bataan, Pampanga, Aurora, Quezon, Cavite, Laguna, Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao especially in Soccsksargen, Davao Region, Caraga, Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental.

History

settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan between 10 and 6 thousand years ago.
The word Pangasinan means 'land of salt' or 'place of salt-making'; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for 'salt' in Pangasinan. Pangasinan could also refer to a 'container of salt or salted products'; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Literature

Written Pangasinan and oral literature in the language flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano wrote and published in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas , a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story.
Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's "Mi último adiós" in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.
Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in English, Filipino, and Ilocano. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Many Pangasinan people, especially the native speakers are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, public facilities and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication on the Internet.

Phonology

Vowels

Pangasinan has the following vowel phonemes:
FrontCentralBack
Close
Open-Mid
Open

In native vocabulary, /i/ and /u/ are realized as and . The close variants / are only used in stressed open syllables, while the open-mid variants / occur in open and closed final syllables before a pause. The default variants / occur in all other environments.
Some speakers have /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ as distinct phonemes, but only in loanwords.

Consonants

Pangasinan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit - allophony, they only contrast before consonants and word-final positions; otherwise, they become allophones where is only located in word-initial positions and after consonants & is only pronounced between vowels. Before consonants and word-final positions, is in free variation with trill . In Spanish loanwords, and contrast in all word positions.
All consonantal phonemes except may be a syllable onset or coda. The phoneme rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as, the final is dropped resulting in. However, this word also may have entered the Pangasinan lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in in Pangasinan. As a result, both and occur.
The glottal stop is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Glottal stop sometimes occurs in coda in words ending in vowels, only before a pause.

Grammar

Sentence structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

Case Markers

Pronouns

Personal

Noun affixes

Benton lists a number of affixes for nouns. Benton describes affixes in Pangasinan as either "nominal" and "nominalizing". Benton also describes "non-productive affixes", affixes which are not normally applied to nouns, and only found as part of other pre-existing words. Many of these non-productive affixes are found within words derived from Spanish.

Writing system

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ng:
The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system called Kuritan. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.
The Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Loanwords

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar, podir, kontra, birdi, ispiritu, and santo. Other loanwords came from English and Ilocano, as the latter is spoken as a second language. Another source of loanwords is Kapampangan, because of the migration of Kapampangans who passed through Agno River from Pampanga and south Tarlac; most Kapampangan loanwords are spoken in the dialects of central Pangasinan and north Tarlac and the most notable loanword is masanting, meaning "beautiful".

Examples

Malinac ya Labi.
'''Modern Pangasinan with English translation'''

Words

  1. I – siak, ak
  2. you – sika, ka
  3. he – sikato, kato
  4. we – sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
  5. you – sikayo, kayo, yo
  6. they – sikara
  7. this – aya
  8. that – atan, aman
  9. here – dia
  10. there – diman, ditan
  11. who – siopa, sio, si
  12. what – anto
  13. where – iner
  14. when – kapigan, pigan
  15. how – pano, panonto
  16. not – ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
  17. all – amin
  18. many – amayamay, dakel
  19. some – pigara
  20. few – daiset
  21. other – arom
  22. one – isa, sakey
  23. two – dua, duara
  24. three – talo, talora
  25. four – apat, apatira
  26. five – lima, limara
  27. big – baleg
  28. long – andokey
  29. wide – maawang, malapar
  30. thick – makapal
  31. heavy – ambelat
  32. small – melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
  33. short – melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
  34. narrow – mainget
  35. thin – mabeng, maimpis
  36. woman – bii
  37. man – laki, bolog
  38. human – too
  39. child – ogaw
  40. wife – asawa, kaamong
  41. husband – asawa, kaamong
  42. mother – ina
  43. father – ama
  44. animal – ayep
  45. fish – sira, ikan
  46. bird – manok, siwsiw
  47. dog – aso
  48. louse – koto
  49. snake – oleg
  50. worm – bigis, alumbayar
  51. tree – kiew, tanem
  52. forest – kakiewan, katakelan
  53. stick – bislak, sanga
  54. fruit – bunga
  55. seed – bokel
  56. leaf – bolong
  57. root – lamot
  58. bark – obak
  59. flower – bulaklak, rosas
  60. grass – dika
  61. rope – singer, lubir, taker
  62. skin – baog, katat
  63. meat – laman
  64. blood – dala
  65. bone – pukel
  66. fat – mataba, taba
  67. egg – iknol
  68. horn – saklor
  69. tail – ikol
  70. place – kulaan
  71. go – laen
  72. nothing – anggapo
  73. feather – bago
  74. hair – buek
  75. head – olo
  76. ear – layag
  77. eye – mata
  78. nose – eleng
  79. mouth – sangi
  80. tooth – ngipen
  81. tongue – dila
  82. fingernail – koko
  83. foot – sali
  84. leg – bikking
  85. knee – pueg
  86. hand – lima
  87. wing – payak
  88. belly – eges
  89. guts – pait
  90. neck – beklew
  91. back – beneg
  92. breast – pagew, suso
  93. heart – puso
  94. liver – altey
  95. drink – inom
  96. eat – mangan, akan, kamot
  97. bite – ketket
  98. suck – sepsep, suso
  99. spit – lutda
  100. vomit – uta
  101. blow – sibok
  102. breathe – engas, ingas, dongap, linawa, anges
  103. laugh – elek
  104. see – nengneng
  105. hear – dengel
  106. know – amta, kabat
  107. think – nonot
  108. smell – angob
  109. fear – takot
  110. sleep – ogip
  111. live – bilay
  112. die – onpatey, patey
  113. kill – manpatey, patey
  114. fight – laban, kolkol, bakal
  115. hunt – managnop, anop, manpana, manerel
  116. hit – tira, nakna, pekpek
  117. cut – tegteg, sugat
  118. split – pisag, puter, paldua
  119. stab – saksak, doyok
  120. scratch – gugo, gorgor, korkor
  121. dig – kotkot
  122. swim – langoy
  123. fly – tikyab
  124. walk – akar
  125. come – gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
  126. lie – dokol, tila
  127. sit – yorong
  128. stand – alagey
  129. turn – liko, telek
  130. fall – pelag, tumba
  131. give – iter, itdan
  132. hold – benben
  133. squeeze – pespes
  134. rub – kuskos, gorgor, poyok
  135. wash – oras
  136. wipe – ponas
  137. pull – goyor
  138. push – tolak
  139. throw – topak
  140. tie – singer
  141. sew – dait
  142. count – bilang
  143. say – ibaga, ibagam
  144. sing – togtog, kansiyon
  145. play – galaw
  146. float – letaw
  147. flow – agos
  148. freeze – kigtel
  149. swell – larag
  150. sun – agew, banua
  151. moon – bulan
  152. star – bitewen
  153. water – danum
  154. rain – uran
  155. river – ilog, kalayan, patalan, angalakan
  156. lake – look
  157. sea – dayat, laot
  158. salt – asin
  159. stone – bato
  160. sand – buer
  161. dust – dabok
  162. earth – dalin
  163. cloud – lorem
  164. fog – kelpa
  165. sky – tawen
  166. wind – dagem
  167. snow – linew
  168. ice – pakigtel
  169. smoke – asewek
  170. fire – apoy, pool, dalang
  171. ashes – dapol
  172. burn – pool, sinit
  173. road – dalan, basbas
  174. mountain – palandey
  175. red – ambalanga, pula
  176. green – ampasiseng, pasiseng, birdi
  177. yellow – duyaw
  178. white – amputi, puti
  179. black – andeket, deket
  180. night – labi
  181. day – agew
  182. year – taon
  183. hot – ampetang, petang
  184. cold – ambetel, betel
  185. full – napsel, napno
  186. new – balo
  187. old – daan
  188. good – duga, maong, abig
  189. bad – aliwa, maoges
  190. rotten – abolok, bolok
  191. dirty – maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
  192. straight – maptek, petek
  193. round – malimpek, limpek, tibokel
  194. sharp – matdem, tarem
  195. dull – mangmang, epel
  196. smooth – palanas, patad, patar
  197. wet – ambasa, basa
  198. dry – amaga, maga
  199. correct – duga, tua
  200. near – asinger
  201. far – arawi
  202. right – kawanan
  203. left – kawigi
  204. at – ed
  205. in – ed
  206. with – iba
  207. and – tan
  208. if – no
  209. because – ta, lapu ed
  210. name – ngaran
  211. smile – imis, ngiriyet
  212. lolo – laki
  213. lola – bai
  214. beautiful – magana, masanting, marakep
  215. true – tua, tod-tua
  216. wrong – aliwa
  217. odor – ambanget
  218. delicious – masamit, mananam
  219. I love you – inaro taka, inar-aro taka
  220. Good day! - Maabig ya agew!
  221. Good morning! - Maabig a kabuasan!
  222. Good afternoon! - Maabig a ngarem!
  223. Good evening! - ''Maabig a labi!''