Palaeoisopus
Palaeoisopus is a genus of fossil pycnogonid. The only known species is Palaeoisopus problematicus from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany. It is characterized by several features unusual for a pycnogonid, such as swimming legs of different sizes and a long, segmented abdomen.
Discovery
Palaeoisopus is the most common pycnogonid of Hunsrück Slate, with over 80 fossil specimens had been discovered as of 2024.When this arthropod was first described by Broili 1928, it was thought to be an isopod crustacean, hence the name Palaeoisopus. A few years later, it was reidentified as a pycnogonid by the same author. Even so, the anterior and posterior axis was reversed, with the overlapped chelifores and long abdomen being misinterpreted as a round abdomen and an elongated cephalon, respectively. This was corrected by Lehmann 1959, which using X-ray to identify cephalic structures such as ovigers and ocular tubercles between the "abdomen" and "fourth legs". Bergström et al. 1980 using the same method to study more specimens, providing a detailed reconstruction of Palaeoisopus. Sabroux et al. 2024 redescribed this genus alongside other Hunsrück pycnogonid fossils, by using both X-ray and RTI method they discover some new details, mostly those of the cephalic structures.
Morphology
Palaeoisopus is a large pycnogonid, with a body length of at least 12.5 cm and leg spans of up to 40 cm, comparable to a modern Colossendeis.The margin of its exoskeleton are ornamented with tubercles. The body is widest at the box-shaped cephalon, with a cylinderal proboscis folded underneath it. The succeeding 3 trunk segments have pairs of dorsal tubercle and narrow towards the long abdomen. The abdomen apparently compose of 4 flexible segments and a styliform telson, but based on the medial position of anus, the latter was also suggest to be a fusion of fifth abdominal segment and the original telson.
There is a dorsal ocular tubercle at the front of its cephalon. In the classical reconstruction by Lehmann 1959 and Bergström et al. 1980, it compose of a pair of large eyes and 2 smaller eyes arranged in a midline, unlike the 2-paired ocelli of other pycnogonids. In the redescription by Sabroux et al. 2024, it was reinterpreted as having no eyes, with the purported eye-like structures representing either just tubercles or lateral sense organs.
The first appendages are a pair of robust, pincer-like chelifores in front of the cephalon. Based on Bergström et al. 1980, each chelifore compose of 5 segments : 3 for scape and 2 for pincer, instead of 3 or 4 like those of the other pycnogonids. This was questioned by Sabroux et al. 2024, as the putative "second and third scape segment" might be just a second scape segment with an additional midway ridge. The palps and ovigers located laterally and lateroventrally to the anterior cephalic region, respectively. Each apparently have more segments than those of other pycnogonids, but their 3 basal "segments" might represent annulations of a subdivided first segment as seen in the legs. The palps have a spur on its fourth distalmost segments and the ovigers terminated by a claw. The ovigers were apparently absent in some specimens, which may represent sexual dimorphism as seen in some modern pycnogonid taxa such as Pycnogonidae and Phoxichilidiidae.
The remaining appendages are 4 pairs of enormous legs. Unlike other pycnogonids with subequal legs, each pair of them are different in sizes. The base was surrounded by multiple ring-like annulations that represent coxa 1, connected to the short lateral processes of cephalon and trunk. The distal section was flatten, lined with marginal setae and terminated by a robust, hook-like claw. The first legs are distinctive: they have significantly widen coxae, their flatten distal section compose of 4 segments with subequal width and bore a few ventral setae at each of their distal corner. In comparison, the second to fourth legs have 5 flatten distal segments that narrow towards the end and possess double rows of long ventral setae.