Pak t'ongsa
Pak t'ongsa is a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published by the Bureau of Interpreters in Korea in various editions between the 14th and 18th centuries. Like the contemporaneous Nogŏltae, it is an important source on both Late Middle Korean and the history of Mandarin Chinese. The Nogŏltae consists of dialogues and focuses on travelling merchants, but Pak t'ongsa is a narrative text covering society and culture.
Editions
The original Chinese text was written in the mid-14th century, but it is no longer extant.The Pak t'ongsa and the Nogŏltae were very popular, and are mentioned in Korean records of 1426 as required texts for government translators.
In 1480, the royal instructor ordered revisions of both textbooks to match the very different Middle Mandarin of the Ming dynasty. In 1517, the Korean scholar Ch'oe Sejin augmented this edition with Chinese pronunciations written in Hangul and a Korean translation. This edition is now conventionally called the Pŏnyŏk Pak t'ongsa to distinguish it from the original. This edition was believed to have been lost during the Manchu invasions of Korea, but one volume was rediscovered in the 1950s.
The Korean version is written in a colloquial style, giving unique insight into Late Middle Korean.
The Pak t'ongsa ŏnhae was published in 1677. Prepared when the earlier Pŏnyŏk Pak t'ongsa was believed lost, this edition was based on Ch'oe Sejin's No Pak Jimnam. The Chinese text is identical with that of the Pŏnyŏk Pak t'ongsa, but the pronunciations and the Korean translation were completely revised.
Pak t'ongsa sinsŏk ŏnhae, a further revision by Kim Chang-jo, was published in 1765.