Otaibah
The Otaibah is one of the biggest Arabian tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula. Their distribution spans throughout Saudi Arabia, especially in Najd and Hejaz. and the Middle East. The Otaibah are descended from the Bedouin. They trace back to the Mudar family and belong to the Qays ʿAylān confederacy through its previous name, Hawazin.
Genealogy
Research of the lineage of northern tribes may begin with Adnan, as passed on by oral tradition. He is the common ancestor of the modern Otaibah, Annazah, Tamim, Abd al-Qays, and Quraysh tribes. Although Adnan is at the head of the tribal genealogy, genealogists and poets typically refer to two of his descendants: his son Ma'add and his grandson Nizar, ancestor of Rabi'ah and Mudar.Mudar, the son of Nizar, fathered ʿAylān al-Nās. The Hawazin is another tribe related to the Otaibah.
The tribe's common ancestors are Otaibah, Guzayah, Banu Jusham, Sa'd, Bakr, Hawāzin, Manṣūr, ʿIkrima, K̲h̲aṣafa, Qays ʿAylān, Mudir, Nijzar, Ma'add and Adnan of the Ishmaelites. The tribe is primarily found in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. According to genealogy and oral tradition, the Otaibah tribe are descended from the pre-Islamic Hawazin. The Hawazin are descendants of the Qays ʿAylān or the Adnanites, descendants of the Ishmaelites. The only known copy of historian and genealogist Hisham ibn al-Kalbi's 8th-century AD The Great Ancestrywas examined then verified in 1988 by Mahmud Firdous al Adm, who found portions of the manuscript in the research of Werner Caskel, a professor at the University of Berlin and the University of Cologne during the 1940s. According to the manuscript:
"Otaibah" is attributed to a standard; one of the banners that belong to the tribe of Hawazin. and he is, Otaibah Ibn Guzayah Ibn Jusham Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin. The clans of Hawazin all united under one of his descendants in an early time during the first centuries; other nations from Hawazin intertwined around him. After most of the clans of Hawazin departed from the land of Hejaz and Najd to the wide lands of God. To the Sham, Iraq, Egypt, the farthermost western lands, the lands of Persia, and its surrounding Persian territories. None was left of them except those who could not leave their land and country. Those who remained, formed the largest Hawazin alliance in our present time, and it was named Otaibah.Other works by al-Kalbi include the Book of Idols and The Abundance of Kinship. According to the latter, "The descendants of Jusham Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin are Guzayah, Oday, Ouseema. The sons of Guzayah are Juda'aa, Hami, Otaibah, and Outwara." Ibn Kathir wrote in his 14th-century book, The Beginning and the End:
The tribes of the northern Arabian Peninsula are descended from Ishmael. They are seldom referred to as the Ishmaelites, however, but are more often described as the Qays ʿAylān. The southern tribes are descended from Qahtan, also known as Qahtanites. During the Umayyad era, a feud began between them. Scottish historian W. Montgomery Watt wrote that "to constitute something like a political party", the tribes began to identify the people of the Arabian Peninsula as Qays ʿAylān or Qahtan. The rivalry led to open conflict during the Second Muslim Civil War.
There is no doubt that Adnan is from the lineage of Ishmeal, the only fact that disagreed upon is the number of ancestors between the two. Most of what was said is that the exact number is forty fathers between Adnan and Ishmeal, and this is based on what is written among the Christian and Jewish people, who know it from Baruch writer of The Book of Jeremiah... And Abu Jafar Al Tabari, and others, have concluded that the almighty God had sent to Jeremiah son of Hilkiah a revelation to go to Nebuchadnezzar and inform him that the almighty God has given him authority over the people of Arabia. God then commanded Jeremiah to take Ma'add son of Adnan on. So that he,, will not be afflicted by any resentfulness. For I, the almighty God, will bring forth from him a generous prophet, and the last among prophets. Jeremiah accepted the request, and carried Ma'add to the land the levant, where he grew among the sons of Israel; the few whom survived after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem... The scribe who wrote the Book of Jeremiah, Baruch, transcribed the genealogy of his master to have it preserved in the library of Jeremiah, and to save the lineage of Ma'add, but God only knows. This is the reason why Mailk disliked tracing the lineage to before Adnan.
Most Otaibah genealogy is oral tradition dating to the Middle Ages and earlier.
Muhammad's foster mother, Halimah al-Sa‘diyah, was from the Banu Sa'd tribe (a subdivision of the Hawazin, the Otaibah parent tribe.
The lineage of the Otaibah tribe varies among scholars; some attribute the tribe to the sons of the Banu Sa'd ibn Hawazin, and others say that they are composed of the Banu Jusham ibn Muawiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin or the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah ibn Muawiyah ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin.Others said Otaiba bin Kaab bin Hawazin bin Saleh bin Shabab bin Abd al-Rahman bin Al-Haytham bin Al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Shajnah bin Jaber bin Razam bin Nasirah bin Fasiya bin Nasr bin Saad bin Bakr bin Hawazen. However, accounts agree that their lineage traces back to Hawazin, son of Mansur, son of Ikrimah, son of Khasafah, son of Qays ʿAylān, son of Mudar, son of Nizar, son of Ma'add, son of Adnan.
History
Ottoman Empire (late 15th century to 1900)
According to Ibn Fahd al-Makki, in 1470 the Sharif of Mecca Muhammad ibn Barakat attacked Otaiba in eastern Ta'if.During the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast to their empire. They claimed rule of the interior as their central authority waxed and waned.
In the 18th century, the Mutayr began a series of wars against the Anazzah for the pastures of central Najd and forced the Anazzah north. The Mutayr and Qahtan were superseded by the Otaibah, who remain the largest tribe in central Najd.
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Otaibah and Ḥarb were counterparts in the centuries-long struggle among the Sharifs of Mecca and the ruling families of Ibn Rashid and Ibn Saud for Najd. Nineteenth- and early-20th-century Otaibah history reflects the wars in Najd and Hejaz, whose belligerents tried to enlist the tribe's support.
In 1816, the Wahhabi kingdom was defeated by the Egyptians. Their leader, Ibrahim Mohammed Ali, persuaded the Otaibah and several Anazzah tribes to assist him against Abdullah bin Saud. Between 1842 and 1872, nine powers were at war in Najd. In 1872, Otaibah chief Muslit bin Rubayan attacked western settlements of Riyadh. Saud bin Faisal immediately made a retaliatory raid on their territory, in which he was defeated and critically wounded. In 1881 and 1882, the Otaibah plundered camps of Harb tribes who were subjects of Ibn Rashid. They unsuccessfully attacked Rashid in the summer of 1883. Members of the House of Saud joined Grand Sharif of Mecca Awn Al-Rafiq in 1897, and undertook campaigns against Ibn Rashid with Otaibah aid.
The tribal war between Otaibah and Ibn Rashid began after a comment by the Otaibah poet Mukhlad Al-Qthami to Rashidi leader
Muhammed Ibn Abdullah at his court :
Because our legions are a steady team.
Early 20th century
The Ottoman Empire continued to control the Western coasts of Tihamah. However, Arabia had its own rulers: a group of tribal chiefs in Najd and its surrounding area, and the Sharif of Mecca ruled Mecca. Otaibah cooperated with Al Saud of Najd, but sided with the Sharifs of Mecca.During World War I in 1915, Ibn Saud began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes in his territory were not considered religious. In 1916, with British support, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united state. The Arab Revolt of 1916–1918 failed, but the Allied victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman control of Arabia.
ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz began to establish settlements known as al-Hid̲j̲ar, followed by Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi of Nad̲j̲d in promoting the settlement of Saudi Arabia's people during the first quarter of the century. This was accompanied by the Ikhwan, a political, military, and religious movement. ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz, its founder, attempted to kindle religious enthusiasm among the rarely-pious and often-unpredictable tribes as a start for the reclamation and control of his domain.
The spread of religious enlightenment by the muṭawwiʿūn prepared the idea of an agricultural, settled life, and the first settlement was established in 1912 by the Mutayr tribe. This settlement was soon followed by another by the Otaibah. Their inhabitants were members of Ikhwan. An important cause and new religious regulations, standards, and principles helped nomadic people leave their desert-dwelling culture and begin to live in groups, giving birth to a number of societies. The conflict with Āl Ras̲h̲īd of Ḥāʾil and the Sharifs in Mecca drove the process of settlement further, leading to about 130 such colonies across Arabia.
Although efforts were made to bring different tribes together in a single settlement to end feuding, most of the settlements became associated with specific tribes. According to lists compiled by Oppenheim and Caskel, the Ḥarb had 27 settlements, the Otaibah 19, the Muṭayr 16, the Ajman 14, the Shammar nine and the Qahtan eight. The hid̲j̲ras were in Najd and on Arabia's east coast. They reached the edge of the al-Rubʿ al-K̲h̲ālī desert in the south, and the Syrian Desert in the north. In the west, they extended to the mountains of Hejaz and Asir.
Otaibah Sultan ibn Bjad and Eqab bin Mohaya enlisted in the Ikhwan movement, and were deployed by Ibn Saud against regional rivals. They led tribal forces in the occupation of Al-Hasa, Ha'il, Al-Baha, Jizan, Asir, Ta'if, Mecca, and Jeddah. This was considered a significant contribution in gaining control of the Hejaz region. After several victories, some Ikhwan factions resented policies which appeared to favor modernization and an increased number of non-Muslim foreigners in the region. Some Ikhwan members became more zealous than their founder, and turned against him.
Sultan ibn Bjad joined leaders of other tribes in revolt in December 1928; Eqab bin Mohaya led his Otaibah tribe to aid King Abdul Aziz and vanquish the threat. Eqab and his followers were not the only members of the tribe to ally with the young king the revolution was doomed when a large Otaibah faction chose loyalty to Ibn Saud.
In 1926, the inhabitants of Najd and Hejaz gave their allegiance to ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. He accepted the title of king the following year and ruled the central and provincial governments, authorized by Islamic legal scholars and Sharia law. Factions of the Ikhwan tribes supported the preservation of their chiefdoms—including the tribes’ choice of markets, raiding, and political affiliations—but were defeated in a series of battles during 1929 and 1930. Political opposition, including political parties, was subsequently forbidden. Centralization was apparent in economic change beginning in 1924, when ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz began to use taxation and pilgrimage income to build a central treasury. During this period, raids into neighbouring states were forbidden.
On 29 March 1929, the revolution was suppressed at the Battle of Sabilla. After the defeat, another battle took place between two branches of the Otaibah tribe: Barka and Roug. The rebellious Barka branch fled under Sultan ibn Bjad, one of their three leaders. He and his men were defeated and captured at D̲j̲abala by ʿUmar Ibn Rubayʿān, in command of al-Roug elements loyal to the king. Ibn Bjad was later taken prisoner. In the final crushing of the Ikhwan rebellion in 1930, some settlements were completely destroyed. The king then created the nucleus of a modern, standing army, which proved its worth in establishing peace. On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in a successful unification of a large portion of the peninsula.