Orlov-Rostopchin
The Orlov-Rostopchin, or Russian saddle horse, is a breed of saddle and sport horse originating in Russia. Born in the 19th century from the fusion of the breeding saddle horses of Counts Orlov and Rostopchin, it has had an eventful history. Very famous at the end of the 19th century as a dressage and cavalry horse, the breed was decimated after the First World War. It was restored by Semion Boudienny, and became known as the "Russian Saddle". Virtually extinct after the Second World War, it was unofficially recreated in the 1950s to produce the Ukrainian Saddle. Thanks to its success in dressage competitions up to international level, Russian breeders have been officially reviving it since 1978, from crosses with Trakehners. The Russian saddle still suffers from a lack of recognition.
The modern Russian saddle horse is presented as a sport-elegant, black-coated horse. Selection is drastic. It includes two evaluations, at two and four years of age, before the animal is allowed to reproduce. Numbers are very small, and the breed is still considered critically endangered. Exported to the United States in the 1990s, it led to the creation of a breed association in North America.
Name
"Orlov-Rostopchin" is the breed's original name, formalized in 1845 with the merger of Count Orlov's herd with that of Count Rostopchin. The name "Russian Saddle" is more recent, being formalized almost a century later by Soviet Union officials eager to erase traces of the horses' aristocratic origins. In Russia, the breed's official name is verkhovod russkyi. In recent years, however, "Orlov-Rostopchin" has become the international name. According to Jean-Louis Gouraud, Russia is the only country in the world where horse breeds are named after their breeders.History
The origins of the breed's development can be traced back to the mid-18th century, when Russia had extensive equine stock for transport, military use and classical dressage, in conjunction with the French court for the latter purpose. The Tsars practiced artistic court equitation, which required a quality saddle horse. Catherine II called on the Orlov brothers to carry out this type of breeding. Count Orlov-Chesmensky sought to produce two equine lines, one for riding and the other for light trotting.Orlov saddle horse
At the end of the eighteenth century, Count Alexei Orlov began crossbreeding Anglo-Arabians. This was the first saddle horse breed developed in Russia, at the Khrenov stud farm. Two lines emerged: the Smetanka gray Arabian and the Saltan bay Arabian. Cross-breeding between these two lines gave rise to a saddle horse known locally in Russian as the Orlovskaia verkhovaya, or "Orlov saddle horse", several decades before the emergence of the Anglo-Arabian breed in Europe. The golden bay stallion Yachma I, born in 1816, can be considered the true founder of the breed.In addition to Anglo-Arab crosses, Frederiksborger, Karabakh, Spanish, Neapolitan, Turkish and Persian stallions were used in Count Orlov's exclusively Russian broodmare band. He applies a strict selection process and practices inbreeding, while continuing to regularly import broodmares, mainly Thoroughbreds, from England. The Orlov saddle horse quickly became popular throughout Russia, thanks to its beauty and dressage qualities. He gained distinctive characteristics that set him apart from his Arabian and European ancestors. Orlovs are large, strong-boned yet refined, and mainly dark bay or black in color. Its head is graceful, its tail carriage particularly elegant, its feet solid and its movements full of grace and elegance.
Rostopchin
At the same time, another Anglo-Arabian horse was developed in the early 19th century by Count and Squire Andrei Fedorovich Rostopchin. He set up a stud farm at Voronovo, near Moscow, then transferred it to Annenkovo in 1815. From 1802, he imported four Arabian stallions of Siglavy and Koheilan stock, and crossed them with Karabakh, Kabardin, Karabair, Persian and Don mares. He also practices rigorous selection, based in particular on speed, type and working ability. The Rostopchin is a lively, agile saddle horse, generally black or bay. It is smaller than the Orlov saddle horse, averaging 1.50 m in height.Orlov-Rostopchin
Both the Khrenov and Rostopchin studs were nationalized by the Russian government in 1845. At first, the two breeds were kept separately. Gradually, Rostopchin mares were crossed with Orlov stallions, so that the new breed became known as Orlov-Rostopchin. The Orlov stallions had the greatest influence. In 1867, the stallions Frant, Fakel and Fazan were honored at the 1867 World's Fair as "perfect saddle horses". In 1883, the Orlov-Rostopchin was a large, elegant saddle horse for the Russian army. In the 1880s, the Orlov-Rostopchin was bred specifically as a dressage mount for the cavalry, but not as a battle horse. The breed became very famous internationally thanks to its presence at the Tsarist court, its use as a gift in Russia's diplomatic relations, and numerous exhibitions from the mid-19th to the early 20th century, during which it won various prizes for excellence. Some of these world-famous horses are the stallions Fakel, Fazan, Priyatel, Priezd, Vorobei and Bayanchik, out of Felkersam I and II, and Saltan.The Orlov-Rostopchin is considered an ideal saddle horse and cavalry horse, even a sport horse, for both carriage driving and dressage. However, Matthew Horace Hayes observes that they are not good saddle horses, but rather light carriages.
The First World War was almost fatal for the Orlov-Rostopchin. The vast majority of these horses destined for the Tsarist army died in the conflict or its aftermath, the Russian Revolution. A fire killed a large part of the stock, leading to the publication of various documents announcing the disappearance of the Orlov-Rostopchin breed.
First rebirth of the Russian saddle
Nevertheless, survivors were located and bred by people who respected the breed for its qualities, sometimes in crossbreeding with horses of a similar type. In 1931, Semion Boudienny took it upon himself to gather the few surviving horses at the Limarev stud and attempt to regenerate the breed. He found only five stallions and four mares. He moved the stud to Derkul in 1933, adding 28 half-blood mares, nine Anglo-Arab mares and 45 mares of other breeds. He gradually eliminated the influence of other breeds through cross-breeding. At the request of the Soviet government, the resulting horse was given the name "Russian Saddle". It is the result of strict selection based on type and appearance, with a wide openness to crossbreeding. The new Russian saddle breed was presented at an agricultural show in 1939, and compared with the Arabian horse. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, the breed's preservation was taken for granted. The Second World War wiped out the herd once again, with the only survivors being the horses shown at the Moscow Agricultural Show. The attempt to move the horses to the Urals during the German invasion of 1941 was a failure, as the animals were bombed and died.Ukrainian Saddlehorse
Rebirth of the breed proved extremely difficult, with only two stallions and one mare remaining. In the 1950s, an unofficial restoration of the breed began, using an undocumented selection process. New crosses with Trakehner and Anglo-Hungarian horses, supplemented by Arabian horses and Thoroughbreds, were used to recreate a horse close to the Anglo-Arab, which was then crossed with Akhal-Tékés. Thereafter, only pure-bred Russian Saddlebred stallions are allowed to stud. After eight years, this new Derkul-bred breed took the name Ukrainian Saddle. In this Cold War era, horse breeding was no longer in favor in the USSR. Khrushchev ordered the elimination of saddle horses and racehorses for meat production. However, the country shone in dressage riding at Olympic level. These Olympic horses come mainly from the Aleksandriisky and Dnipropetrovsk stud farms.Second renaissance of the Russian saddle
In the 1970s, the excellence of dressage equitation was recognized by the Breeding Institute of the Soviet Union, which called for the official restoration of the Russian saddle horse. A selection program was launched in 1978. The Ukrainian Saddle bloodlines that retained traces of the old Orlov-Rostopchin breed were moved to the Starojilovski State Stud, southeast of Moscow. Russian zootechnicians crossbreed with Trakehners, Anglo and Arabo-Trakehners, Thoroughbreds, Akhal-Tékés and Orlov trotters. Although the Russian Saddlebred is presumed to be absorbed into the Ukrainian Saddlebred, the reality is that the Russian Saddlebred is being re-created in the same way as in the past. This horse takes the Soviet dressage team to international competitions.The animals must have at least a quarter Orlov-Rostopchin origin. The aim is not quite to recreate the old breed, but rather to bring out a horse that possesses its qualities. The Russian Ministry of Agriculture eventually relinquished all control over the project, and entrusted the restoration of the studbook to the National Academy of Agriculture, managed by K. A. Timiriazev. Breeding objectives were defined, including a gradual increase in the number of broodmares to 300, a gradual increase in the breed's size and build, light gaits, a quest for elegance and refinement, and an emphasis on sporting qualities, particularly for dressage. Horses that did not conform to the desired type were sold, while those that did conform were kept as breeding stock. Horses were gradually moved from the Starojilovski stud to the Sergeiyevski and Korobovo studs, where new bloodlines were created. Control of the studbook remained in Timiriazev's hands. A few crosses with Persian and Thoroughbred horses were made before the studbook was officially reopened in 1994, with its publication by the National Agronomic Institute in Moscow. In 1988, two Orlov-Rostopchin geldings, Barin and Dikson, competed for the USSR at the Seoul Olympic Games.
The break-up of the USSR had mixed consequences for the breed. The main breeding group is kept at the Starojilovski stud, but the lack of funding from the Russian Equestrian Federation is detrimental to the Orlov-Rostopchin. The first horse exports were made possible by perestroika. Some of the best horses were sold to competing countries under the name of "Russian Trakehner", but their new buyers were not concerned with preserving the breed's bloodlines. At the end of 1996, a very elegant black elite I stallion, Iskusnik, was imported by a breeding operation in the USA. The breed is considered critically endangered. In 2007, the Russian Saddlebred is suffering from competition from other sport horse breeds and a lack of recognition, even in its own country.