Operation Corkscrew
Operation Corkscrew was the code name for the Allied invasion of the Italian island of Pantelleria on 11 June 1943, prior to the Allied invasion of Sicily, during the Second World War. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations gave orders for the Allied air forces to conduct an aerial offensive against the island defences, followed, if necessary, by an invasion.
Bombing began in May and on 6 June the tempo increased and from mid-May, of bombs were dropped in 5,218 sorties by bombers and fighter-bombers, the main area attacked being. An Italian airlift began in June from Sicily by Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 transport aircraft delivered supplies at night. An acute water shortage developed on the island and an offer to surrender was broadcast on 11 June as an Allied invasion force waited offshore. Elements of the British 1st Infantry Division landed unopposed but faced sporadic resistance from Italian troops who had not received the order to surrender.
Advocates of air power claimed that the surrender vindicated the theories of air power developed between the wars but analysis of the ruins of the island defences soon led to the more extravagant claims of destruction being discredited and that the bombing had been more effective on the morale of the defenders. Somme Royal Air Force officers, like Arthur Tedder, head of the Mediterranean Air Command, became concerned that the army might demand that the RAF repeat the feat as a matter of routine.
Background
Pantellaria
On the direct route from Tunisia to Sicily, Pantelleria is an island south-west of Sicily and north-west of Malta and part of the Pelagie Islands. In 1937, the Italian Prime Minister, Benito Mussolini, had work on fortifications begun to make Pantellaria a strategic equivalent of Malta. Work was started but the entry into the war delayed and in some cases halted it. The main construction was the excavation of two underground hangars known as Nervi and Bartoli that were finished in 1939 for fighter aircraft and Mangana airfield. There was a large underground ammunition dump was also but ammunition had to be transported to artillery batteries along roads in the open.Civilians
There was a population of over 10,000 civilians, that lacked shelter and food was sufficient for only twenty to fifty days. Food was running short and no supplies had arrived since January. Supermarina proposed in March that the civilian population be evacuated but the Ministry of the Interior rejected this on grounds of public morale, especially in Sicily. Water came from three wells with electric pumps but in 1943 the power station was incomplete. Civilians used rain water run-off from the roofs but when army reinforcements arrived, water use doubled and had to be brought from Sicily in tankers.The three wells were blocked at the start of the bombing campaign, leaving a few reserve water tanks around the island. Fauno returning from the island on the night of 29/30 April was sunk by two destroyers. Aircraft ferried small amounts of supplies and the Regia Marina sent Arno a tanker, from Trapani to run the blockade. on its second voyage, Arno carried a water purification and distilling plant. After trying to unload the machinery for three days and three nights in the ruins of the harbour amidst the bombing, Arno managed to evade the blockading ship and get back to Sicily.
Fortifications
The island had a garrison of 11,420 men of the Brigata Mista Pantellaria, part of the 6th Army. The island had been intended to have three coastal batteries with 12 × 152 mm guns each, three batteries with 13 × 120 mm guns each and two with 12 × modern 90 mm guns and 14 batteries of anti-aircraft guns with 76 × 76 mm guns. The excavation of caves and protected positions for the artillery had been postponed due to the cost and in 1943 were still in the open. It is not certain that all this artillery, especially the 90 mm guns, were in position.The Germans had installed three air radar sets and one sea search radar but these had been dismantled and evacuated with the 1,000 German troops at the end of May, further depressing morale. The coastal cliffs had numerous caves from which torpedo boats and submarines could operate and left only the Porto di Pantellaria in the north-west of the island as a feasible landing site, despite its fortifications, that were an unwelcome reminder to the British of the Dieppe Raid disaster of 19 August 1942.
Allied plan
Operation Workshop was an abortive Allied plan to occupy Pantelleria in late 1940 that was cancelled when the commander of Force H at Gibraltar opposed the idea and because 10th Air Corps had arrived in Sicily. Not until 1943 could the Allies contemplate another offensive operation. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations gave orders that the Allied air forces would undertake an aerial offensive against the island defences, followed by an invasion.Bombardments
Air campaign
On 8 May, the island was attacked by 122 British and South African Bostons and Baltimore bombers of the Northwest African Air Forces and B-25s of the US 9th Army Air Force. On 9 May another 121 bombers attacked and there were two raids on 10 May, to prevent the Axis using the island for the evacuation of Tunisia. The bombers returned on 18 May and from 29 May bombers dropped flares, illuminating the island at night, making it impossible for repairs to be made. Many of the defence positions became isolated and received no more ammunition, food or water. Keeping alert for twenty-four hours a day, drained the defenders' will and ability to resist. Civilians, mostly women and children took refuge in the only safe places, underground ammunition dumps of the gun batteries and in other underground military installations. Such living conditions, with people crowded together, short of water and food, were squalid. The proximity of the garrison to the civilians added to the pressure on their morale.From 6 June the tempo increased, the squadrons of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force, Northwest African Tactical Air Force and the XII Air Support Command attacking. On 5 June, the 15th US PT Boat Squadron circumnavigated the island to assess the condition of the defences and watch the raids. From 1 to 10 June about of bombs were dropped by heavy, medium, light bombers and fighter-bombers. On 10 June, the anniversary of the Italian declaration of war, about of bombs were dropped on the island. The bombing campaign was concentrated on Porto di Pantellaria and Margana airfield at first and a considerable number of aircraft were claimed destroyed on the ground. From the middle of May, of bombs were dropped in 5,218 sorties by bombers and fighter-bombers, the main area attacked being. In June an airlift from Sicily by Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 transport aircraft delivered supplies at night.
Naval operations
Italian MAS boats and German S-boote challenged the Allied blockade but despite many patrols, there were no engagements with Allied ships. The cruiser bombarded the island on the night of 12/13 May and again on 31 May with the destroyers and. On 1 June with the destroyers and Petard bombarded the island and was hit by return-fire. On the night of 2/3 June Orion, Paladin and Troubridge bombarded Pantellaria again, then on 3 June, the destroyers and joined in. On 5 June,, Paladin and Troubridge bombarded the island and on 8 June, the cruisers,, Newfoundland, Orion ''Penelope, the destroyers,,,,,, Troubridge and, with MTB 73, MTB 77 and MTB 84 bombarded Porto de Pantellaria. Two demands for the garrison to surrender on 5 and 9 June went unanswered and on the night of 10/11 June, Force B, comprising the HQ ship HMS Largs, Paladin, Petard, waited offshore, with a covering force of the cruisers Aurora Newfoundland, Orion, Penelope and Euryalus, the destroyers, Laforey, Lookout, Loyal, Jervis, Tartar, Nubian, Troubridge and Whaddon'' with eight MTBs.Invasion
Pavesi had been sending Supermarina daily reports and on 2 June his assessment of the situation noted that there was no hope and that capitulation was only a matter of time. On the evening of 10 July only two anti-aircraft batteries were still operational and these were in the mountains in the middle of the island, useless against a landing. Telephone and road communications had been cut and orders were being delivered by runner. The water supply was down to about four days and many isolated units had run out of water with no hope of supply. On the evening of 10 June, Pavesi reported to Supermarina that the ability of the garrison to resist was almost at an end. Comando Supremo gave Pavesi authority to negotiate an end to the siege.US and British motor torpedo boats provided defensive screens to the north of the island against attacks by Axis aircraft. Force B, invasion convoys from Sfax and Sousse sat offshore with a brigade of the 1st Infantry Division. After dawn on 11 June the bombing increased again and at Pavesi reported to Supermarina that he would ask for terms. His message crossed with one from Mussolini that ordered Pavesi to request surrender "because of the lack of water".
A white flag was raised over the wireless station but it could not be seen amidst clouds of dust raised by the bombing. At Allied landing craft and naval units appeared out of the dust hanging over the sea. The last operational guns fired a few shots at the landing craft, that kept out of range waiting for the bombers to finish. At Pavesi sent a surrender request by wireless, prevented demolitions from taking place and at British troops landed. For a few hours, there was scattered resistance from isolated units that had not received notice of the end of hostilities and it took until the afternoon to stop the air raids.