Onset (audio)

Onset refers to the beginning of a musical note or other sound. It is related to the concept of a transient: all musical notes have an onset, but do not necessarily include an initial transient.

Onset detection

In signal processing, onset detection is an active research area. For example, the MIREX annual competition features an .
Approaches to onset detection can operate in the time domain, frequency domain, phase domain, or complex domain, and include looking for:

Increases in spectral energy
Changes in spectral energy distribution or phase
Changes in detected pitch - e.g. using a polyphonic pitch detection algorithm
Spectral patterns recognisable by machine learning techniques such as neural networks.

Simpler techniques such as detecting increases in time-domain amplitude can typically lead to an unsatisfactorily high amount of false positives or false negatives.
The aim is often to judge onsets similarly to how a human would: so psychoacoustically-motivated strategies may be employed. Sometimes the onset detector can be restricted to a particular domain, for example being targeted at detecting percussive onsets. With a narrower focus, it can be more straightforward to obtain reliable detection.