One Day International


One Day International is a format of cricket, played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of fifty overs, with the game lasting up to 7 hours. The World Cup, generally held every four years, is played in this format. They are major matches and considered the highest standard of List A, limited-overs competition.
The international one-day game is a late-twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. When the first three days of the third Test were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and, instead, play a one-off one day game consisting of 40 eight-ball overs per side. Australia won the game by 5 wickets. ODIs were played in white-coloured kits with a red-coloured ball.
In the late 1970s, Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket competition, and it introduced many of the features of One Day International cricket that are now commonplace, including coloured uniforms, matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens, and, for television broadcasts, multiple camera angles, effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch, and on-screen graphics. The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. This led not only to Packer's Channel 9 getting the TV rights to cricket in Australia but also led to players worldwide being paid to play, and becoming international professionals, no longer needing jobs outside cricket. Matches played with coloured kits and a white ball became more commonplace over time, and the use of white flannels and a red ball in ODIs ended in 2001.
The International Cricket Council, international cricket's governing body, maintains the ICC ODI Rankings for teams, batsmen, bowlers and all-rounders.

Rules

In the main the laws of cricket apply, but with each team batting for a fixed number of overs. In the early days of ODI cricket the number of overs varied from 40 to 60 overs per side, but it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs since the mid-1990s.
Simply stated, the game works as follows:
File:India vs Pakistan @ Edgbaston.jpg|thumb|A One Day International match between India and Pakistan in Edgbaston
  • An ODI is contested by two teams of 11 players each.
  • The Captain of the side winning the toss chooses to either bat or bowl first.
  • The team batting first sets the target score in a single innings. The innings lasts until the batting side is "all out" or all of the first side's allotted overs are completed.
  • Each bowler is restricted to bowling a maximum of 10 overs. Therefore, each team must comprise at least five competent bowlers.
  • The team batting second tries to score more than the target score in order to win the match. Similarly, the side bowling second tries to bowl out the second team or make them exhaust their overs before they reach the target score in order to win.
  • If the number of runs scored by both teams is equal when the second team loses all its wickets or exhausts all its overs, then the game is declared a tie.
Where a number of overs are lost, for example, due to inclement weather conditions, then the total number of overs may be reduced. In the early days of ODI cricket, the team with the better run rate won, but this favoured the second team. For the 1992 World Cup, an alternative method was used of simply omitting the first team's worst overs but that favoured the first team. Since the late 1990s, the target or result has usually been determined by the Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method, which is a method with statistical approach. It takes into consideration the fact that the wickets in hand plays a crucial role in pacing the run rate and that a team with more wickets in hand can play far more aggressively than the team with fewer wickets in hand. When insufficient overs are played to apply the DLS, a match is declared no result. Important one-day matches particularly in the latter stages of major tournaments, may have two days set aside, such that a result can be achieved on the "reserve day" if the first day is washed out—either by playing a new game, or by resuming the match which was rain-interrupted.
Because the game uses a white ball instead of the red ball used in first-class cricket, the ball can become discolored and hard to see as the innings progresses, so the ICC has used various rules to help keep the ball playable. Most recently, the ICC has made the use of two new balls, the same strategy that was used in the 1992 and 1996 World Cups so that each ball is used for only 25 overs. Previously, in October 2007, the ICC sanctioned that after the 34th over, the ball would be replaced with a cleaned previously used ball. Before October 2007, only one ball would be used during an innings of an ODI and it was up to the umpire to decide whether to change the ball.
At the start of an ODI innings, two balls can be used, one from each end. However, starting from June 2025, after the 34th over, the bowling team can pick one of the two balls to keep using until the innings ends. This change is designed to bring back reverse swing bowling and make the game fairer between batsmen and bowlers.

Fielding restrictions and powerplays

The bowling side is subjected to fielding restrictions during an ODI, in order to prevent teams from setting wholly defensive fields. Fielding restrictions dictate the maximum number of fielders allowed to be outside the thirty-yard circle.
Under current ODI rules, there are three levels of fielding restrictions:
  • In the first 10 overs of an innings, the fielding team may have at most two fielders outside the 30-yard circle. This allows only attacking fields to be set during the powerplay.
  • Between 11 and 40 overs four fielders will be allowed to field outside the 30-yard circle. Either an Attacking or Normal Field can be set in the second powerplay.
  • In the final 10 overs five fielders will be allowed to field outside the 30-yard circle. All three types of fields can be used in the third powerplay.
The three powerplays are referenced by P1, P2 and P3 respectively, usually displayed near the score in modern scorecards.

History

Fielding restrictions were first introduced in the Australian 1980–81 season. By 1992, only two fielders were allowed outside the circle in the first fifteen overs, then five fielders allowed outside the circle for the remaining overs. This was shortened to ten overs in 2005, and two five-over powerplays were introduced, with the bowling team and batting team having discretion over the timing for one-one each. In 2008, the batting team was given discretion for the timing of one of the two powerplays. In 2011, the teams were restricted to completing the discretionary powerplays between the 16th and 40th overs; previously, the powerplays could take place at any time between the 11th and 50th overs. Finally, in 2012, the bowling powerplay was abandoned, and the number of fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle during non-powerplay overs was reduced from five to four.

Trial regulations

The trial regulations also introduced a substitution rule that allowed the introduction of a replacement player at any stage in the match and until he was called up to play he assumed the role of 12th man. Teams nominated their replacement player, called a Supersub, before the toss. The Supersub could bat, bowl, field or keep wicket once a player was replaced; the replaced player took over the role of 12th man. Over the six months it was in operation, it became very clear that the Supersub was of far more benefit to the side that won the toss, unbalancing the game. Several international captains reached "gentleman's agreements" to discontinue this rule late in 2005. They continued to name Supersubs, as required but they did not field them by simply using them as a normal 12th man. On 15 February 2006, the ICC announced their intention to discontinue the Supersub rule on 21 March 2006. Two balls were trialed in ODI for two years but it was rejected.

Teams with ODI status

The International Cricket Council determines which teams have ODI status.

Permanent ODI status

The twelve Test-playing nations have permanent ODI status. The nations are listed below with the date of each nation's ODI debut after gaining full ODI status shown in brackets :

  12. Temporary ODI status

Between 2005 and 2017, the ICC granted temporary ODI status to six other teams. In 2017, this was changed to four teams, following the promotion of Afghanistan and Ireland to Test status. The ICC had previously decided to limit ODI status to 16 teams. Teams earn this temporary status for a period of four years based on their performance in the ICC World Cup Qualifier, which is the final event of the ICC World Cricket League. In 2019, the ICC increased the number of teams holding temporary ODI status to eight.
The following eight teams currently have this status :
Additionally, eight teams have previously held this temporary ODI status before either being promoted to Test Status or relegated after under-performing at the World Cup Qualifier:
The ICC occasionally granted associate members permanent ODI status without granting them full membership and Test status. This was originally introduced to allow the best associate members to gain regular experience in internationals before making the step up to full membership. First Bangladesh and then Kenya received this status. Bangladesh have since made the step up to Test status and full membership; but as a result of disputes and poor performances, Kenya's ODI status was reduced to temporary in 2005, meaning that it had to perform well at World Cup Qualifiers to keep ODI status. Kenya lost ODI status after finishing in fifth place at the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier event.