Nogŏltae


The Nogŏltae is a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published in Korea in several editions from the 14th to 18th centuries. The book is an important source on both Late Middle Korean and the history of Mandarin Chinese. Later editions were translated into Manchu and Mongolian.

Contents

The word of the title, like the term Cathay, is a transcription of the Mongolian form of Khitan, a people who ruled northern China as the Liao dynasty.
It became a common name throughout Asia for China and all things Chinese.
Here it means 'Chinese'.
The word had been used as a prefix indicating familiarity since at least the Tang period.
The book mainly consists of dialogs centered on a journey of a Korean merchant to Beijing, and the Chinese travelers who join him on the way. It opens with the following lines:
After arriving in Beijing, they sell Korean commodities and purchase goods to sell back in Korea. The book concludes with the Korean merchant's departure from Beijing.
The book focuses on language used in travel, business, banquets, and medicine. It also contains unique insights into life in Beijing, including the first instance of the word hutong.
Later editions are accompanied by Korean-language annotation interleaved with the text. Below each Chinese character are written two transcriptions in Hangul: a "left reading" taken from the "popular readings" in Sin Sukchu's 1455 dictionary, and a "right reading" reflecting contemporary pronunciation. Each Chinese sentence is followed by a colloquial Korean translation, also written in Hangul.

Editions

Five editions of the book exist, as it was revised over the centuries to follow changes in the northern Chinese vernacular and the Korean language.
The original Chinese edition seems have been written around the middle of the 14th century. The Nogŏltae and a similar text, Pak t'ongsa, were very popular, and are mentioned in Korean records of 1426 as required texts for government translators. An early 15th century copy discovered in Daegu in 1998 is believed to be close to the original version. It includes valuable information on the colloquial Old Mandarin of the Yuan dynasty, called "Han'er speech" in this book.
In 1480, the royal instructor ordered revisions of both textbooks to match the very different Middle Mandarin of the Ming dynasty. A Korean scholar, Ch'oe Sejin, wrote a guidebook based on this edition in 1507–17. This edition is now conventionally called the Pŏnyŏk Nogŏltae to distinguish it from the original. The Korean versions of the dialogs are written in a colloquial style, giving unique insight into Late Middle Korean.
A third edition, the Nogŏltae ŏnhae, was published in 1670 by the Bureau of Interpreters. It has the same Chinese text as the Pŏnyŏk Nogŏltae, but the right readings and translations were updated to contemporary Korean.
During the Qing dynasty, the Chinese text was revised again as the Nogŏltae sinsŏk, which was published in 1761. The revision is attributed to one Byeon Hon, who went to Beijing in 1760 with the official delegation. Among the revisions are changing the Chinese name of Korea from to . A corresponding revised commentary, the Nogŏltae sinsŏk ŏnhae, was published in 1763 but is no longer extant.
The Chunggan Nogŏltae appeared in 1795, with a corresponding commentary Chunggan Nogŏltae ŏnhae. Its Chinese text is less colloquial than the earlier versions.

Translations

Translations of the Nogŏltae into other languages were also published by the Bureau of Interpreters. The Ch'ŏngŏ Nogŏltae includes Manchu text along with Hangul pronunciation and Korean translations. It was written by Choe Hutaek and others and published in 1704 and revised in 1765. Yi Ch'oedae made a Mongolian edition called the Mongŏ Nogŏltae that was published in 1741 and revised in 1766 and 1790.
A textbook list included in an edict of 1669 mentions a Japanese translation, but it is no longer extant.