Toquz Oghuz
The Toquz Oghuz was a political alliance of nine Turkic Tiele tribes in Inner Asia, during the early Middle Ages. The Toquz Oghuz was consolidated and subordinated within the First Turkic Khaganate and remained as a nine-tribe alliance after the khaganate fragmented.
Oghuz is a Turkic word meaning "community" and toquz means "nine". Similarly the Karluks were possibly known as the Üç-Oğuz – üç meaning "three". The root of the generalized ethnic term "oghuz" is og-, meaning "clan, tribe"; which in turn, according to Kononov, descends from the ancient Turkic word ög meaning "mother". Initially the oguz designated "tribes" or "tribal union", and eventually became an ethnonym.
The Toquz Oghuz were perhaps first mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions written in the 730s. The nine tribes were named in Chinese histories as the Uyghurs, Pugu, Hun, Bayegu/, Tongluo, Sijie, Qibi, A-Busi and Gulunwugusi. The first seven named – who lived north of the Gobi Desert – were dominant, whereas the A-Busi and Gulunwugu emerged later and were accepted on an equal footing with the others some time after 743. The A-Busi apparently originated as a sub-tribal group within the Sijie and the Gulunwugu as a combination of two other tribes.
Bilge Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate considered the Toquz Oghuz " own people". It is also mentioned in the Kul Tigin inscriptions that the Göktürks and Toquz Oghuz were fighting five times in a year.
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Toquz Oγuz budun kentü budunïm erti teŋіri jer bolγaqïn üčün yaγï boltï.
"Nine Oguz people were my own people. Because of the sky being jumbled up with the earth, they became an enemy."
Likewise, foreign sources suggested the political association of some Toquz Oghuz tribes to the Göktürks. A Khotanese Saka text about Turks in Ganzhou mentioned saikairä ttūrkä chārä. The Sïqïr Türks were identified with the Sikāri in Sogdian documents as well as the Sijie, who were mentioned as Tujue Sijie in the Zizhi Tongjian. Among the Eastern Turkic tribes who dwelt south the Gobi Desert, Tang Huiyao listed the Sijie, who dwelt in the Lushan military governorate 盧山都督府, and Fuli, who dwelt in the same jimi province of Dailin as the Sijie's splinter tribe A-Busi. The Fuli, or Fuli, were identifiable as the Fuluo in other Chinese sources and the Bökli-Çöligil, who appeared on Kül-tegin inscription and were proposed to have originated from Tungusic Mohe, Koreans, or ethnic Turkic peoples. Kenzheakhmet links the Sijie's splinter-tribe Abusi to the Fuli.
Another list of nine names – Yaoluoge , Huduoge, Guluowu, Mogexiqi, A-Wudi, Gesa, Huwasu, Yaowuge, & Xiyawu – appeared in the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang. According to Haneda, Toquz Oğuz were the Yaglaqar-led group of nine clans included in the Uyghur tribe. In contrast, Golden proposed that Toquz Oğuz were the Tang Huiyao's nine-tribe group led by the Uyghur, which in turn comprised the nine subtribes led by Yaglaqar. The Shine Usu inscription mentioned that the Yağlaqar ruled over the On-Uyğur "Ten Uyghur" and Toquz Oğuz "Nine Oghuz". Meanwhile, Hashimoto, Katayama, and Senga propose that the Tang Huiyao's list contained the names of the Toquz Oghuz tribes proper, while each name in the two lists in the Books of Tang recorded each surname of each of nine subtribal chiefs.