Kōkyū
Kōkyū is the section of a Japanese Imperial Palace called the where the Imperial Family and court ladies lived.
Many cultured women gathered as wives of Emperors, and court ladies, as well as the maids for these women; court officials often visited these women for influence, literary charm, or romances. Significant contributions to the literature of Japan were created in the Kōkyū during this period: works such as The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, and many anthologies of waka poems.
Conflated definitions
The term "Dairi" refers not only to the buildings in which the Japanese Imperial family resided; it also refers indirectly to the women of the Imperial family, to the Imperial court of Japan, or as an indirect way of referring to the Emperor himself.The names of the several gates in the walls surrounding the Imperial grounds refer not only to the specific wall-openings themselves; these names were also used to refer indirectly to a nearby residence of an empress whose husband had abdicated, or as an indirect way of referring to the Empress Dowager herself, e.g., Taira no Tokuko, whose official home, after the abdication and death of Emperor Takakura, was located near the Kenrei Gate.
In this same way, the term kōkyū has multiple meanings, referring to the group of buildings situated near the sovereign's personal apartments where the consorts resided, and also describing the staff of female palace officials assigned to the service of those consorts. More broadly, the term kōkyū could be used in identifying the array of consorts below the empress.
Structure
The structure of the royal household and ranks for court ladies were defined in Taihō Code and Yōrō Code. In these Codes, there were originally to have been twelve sections, and the various ranks for ladies' of the Imperial household within the Kōkyū were defined.Fine distinctions were collapsed or expanded in a gradual re-organization which became formalized during the Heian period. For example, in 806, Emperor Heizei elevated the former Fujiwara no Tarashiko, also known as Taishi, by giving her the Imperial title of Kōgō or empress. This occurred 12 years after her death, and it became the first time this posthumously elevated rank was bestowed.
Many of the court ranks which were not defined in either the Taihō or Yōrō Codes have been in continuous use in the centuries following the early Heian period.
Imperial Wives and Imperial Women's Titles
- Emperor's Wives
- * 1 Empress : also called Kōkōgō.
- * 1 Empress Consort : Originally this word meant the Palace where the Empress Consort lived. Since Emperor Ichijō had two Empress Consorts, one of his Empress Consorts was called this word.
- * 2 Consorts : Collapsed since the Heian period. Princesses could be appointed.
- * 3 Madames : Collapsed since the Heian period.
- * 4 Beauties : Collapsed since the Heian period.
- * Court Ladies : Not defined in Codes. Daughters of Ministers could be appointed.
- * Court Attendant : Not defined in Codes.
- Other Imperial Women
- * 1 Empress Dowager : Empress Mother, Empress Dowager, or the former Empress Consort; also called Kōtaikōgō.
- * 1 Grand Empress Dowager : the former Empress Dowager, also called Tai-Kōtaikōgō.
- * Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō : Kōgō, Kōtaigō, and Tai-Kōtaigō are called Sangū/Sangō. Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō means quasi-Sangū/Sangō. Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō got the subequal treatment with Sangū/Sangō. Consorts and princesses, as well as Ministers or high-ranking monks, became Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō.
- * Nyoin/Nyōin : Wives of former Emperors or princesses who could receive the same treatment as Daijō Tennō.
Court Ladies
Kōkyū Jūni-Shi Naishi-no-Tsukasa got involved Imperial ceremonies and communication between Emperor and court officials. They also keep Ummei-den called Naishi-dokoro where the sacred mirror was enshrined.- * Naishi-no-Kami : Head of Naishi-no-Tsukasa. Usually daughters of Ministers could be appointed. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor, or wives of Crown Prince.
- * Naishi-no-Suke : Usually daughters of Dainagon and Chūnagon could be appointed. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor. The nurses of Emperors were also appointed.
- * Naishi-no-Jō/Naishi .
Other Titles
- Mikushige-dono-no-Bettō : Head of Mikushige-dono where clothes of Emperor were treated. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor.
- Nyo-kurōdo got involved Imperial ceremonies.
- Uneme : Lower-grade court lady from countries.