Velarde map
Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas, more commonly known as the Velarde map, is a map of the Philippines made and first published in Manila in 1734 by the Jesuit cartographer, the engraver Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay, and the artist Francisco Suárez. The World Digital Library describes it as the "first and most important scientific map of the Philippines". It is frequently referred to as the "Mother of all Philippine Maps".
During the British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764, the copper plates used to print the map were seized and transported to England, where they were used to produce multiple copies of the map. Many copies from this reprinting later sold at very high prices as antiquities.
The map
The map's title includes the following additional description: dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallo del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn General de dichas Yslas. The map was created upon the behest of then governor-general Fernando Valdes y Tamon in response to an order from Philip V of Spain. Alongside his name, Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay noted he was an "Indio Tagalo".The map shows maritime routes from Manila to Spain and New Spain. The Spanish royal coat of arms occupies a prominent space in the upper-middle portion of the map. On its flanks are twelve images, six to a side. Eight of these images depict various ethnic groups residing in the archipelago. The remaining four are cartographic depictions of cities and islands. The ethnic groups and individuals depicted include Chinese Filipinos, "Cafres", a Canarin, a Lascar from India, Filipino Mestizos in Spanish colonial Philippines, a Mardica, a Japanese migrant in the Philippines, Spaniards or Spanish Filipinos, Spanish Criollos, Filipino Natives, Aetas, an Armenian, a Mughal, a native of the Malabar region and a Visayan. Maps of "Samboangan", the port of Cavite, the island of "Guajan" and Manila, and illustrations of endemic plants and animals, occupy the remaining sections.
The Murillo Velarde map was widely reprinted. These include reproductions in Manila, Vienna by Kaliwoda, Nuremberg by Lowitz, and in the first volume of Juan de la Concepcion's Historia General de Philipinas.
In 2025, the map was proclaimed as a national cultural treasure by the National Library of the Philippines.
Copies
There are less than 50 extant copies of the map. Some are mounted on a cloth backing measuring 112×120 cm. The map itself measures 108×71 cm and is on a scale approximating 1:1,400,000.- The American Library of Congress Geography and Map Division in Washington, D.C., has one copy of the original 1734 printing, Call No. G8060 1734.M8.
- The National Library of Spain in Madrid has one copy of the original 1734 printing, Call No. MR/45/31.
- The National Library of France has a copy.
- The British Library has a copy
- There is one copy in a private collection in the Philippines.
- In 2014 the Duke of Northumberland, Ralph Percy, had a copy of the map auctioned off by Sotheby's. Filipino businessman Mel Velarde won the auction, paying £170,500.00 for it. This copy had been printed by the British using the eight original Murillo Velarde copperplates which had been looted from Manila by William Draper during the British occupation of Manila in 1762. Draper donated the plates to Cambridge University and the university printed copies of the map, one of which later came into the possession of the Duke of Northumberland of the late 18th century. The British, however, later melted down the copperplates and reused the metal in printing their Admiralty charts. Velarde donated the map to the National Museum of the Philippines in 2017. It is in permanent display at the National Library of the Philippines. In 2025, it was declared National Cultural Treasure.
- In 2019, a copy of the 18th century British printing was purchased at an auction in the Philippines for 40 million Philippine pesos, significantly more than the pre-auction estimate of 18 million pesos, through the efforts of Chief Justice Antonio Carpio and his friend, Mel Velasco Velarde. This map was part of an unspecified private collection and one of at least three such versions currently in private collections in the Philippines.
Reduced version