Mount Eden
Mount Eden is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand whose name honours George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland. It is south of the Central Business District. Mt Eden Road winds its way around the side of Mount Eden Domain and continues to weave back and forth as it descends into the valley; it runs south from Eden Terrace to Three Kings. Mt Eden village centre is located roughly between Valley Road and Grange Road. The domain is accessible on foot from many of the surrounding streets, and by vehicle from Mt Eden Road. The central focus of the suburb is Maungawhau / Mount Eden, a dormant volcano whose summit is the highest natural point on the Auckland isthmus.
History
Pre-European
In pre-European times Mount Eden was utilised as a fortified hill pā by various Māori iwi. The pā is thought to have been abandoned around 1700 AD after conflict between the resident Waiohua people and the Hauraki tribes The earth ramparts and terraces from this period contribute to the distinctive outline of the hill today.European settlement
Following a gift of land from Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei Mount Eden began being subdivided and sold off to settlers in 1841. The land was mostly used for farming to support the Borough of Auckland. Due to population growth in Auckland Mount Eden would start having suburban development in the late 1800s. In 1873, Alfred Cucksey established a store in what would later become Mount Eden Village.The Colonial Ammunition Company, first formed in 1885, was based at Mount Eden. The steel Mount Eden Shot Tower, completed in 1914, was the major supplier of ammunition in New Zealand until World War II, and was classified as a Category I heritage building by Heritage New Zealand in 1983.
Mount Eden developed from a rural and agricultural area to a suburban one between 1840 and the 20th century. Access to the water supply of the City of Auckland, piped gas from Auckland, and electric trams were some of the main driving factors behind the urbanisation of the area. By 1895 cattle driving was outlawed in the area. By 1930 the last large block of land was subdivided.
Mount Eden is now a "leafy suburb" consisting predominantly of large houses from the first half of the 20th century, many with verdant gardens and large trees. In the 19th century, on the eastern slopes of Mt Eden were constructed several large country houses set in extensive grounds. These included "Harewood House", Justice Gillies "Rocklands Hall", Alfred Buckland's "Highwic", the Hellaby family's "Florence Court", Josiah Clifton Firth's "Clifton House" and Professor Sir Algernon Thomas' "Trewithiel". Close by the current Government House is Eden Garden, an ornamental public garden set up in a disused quarry.
File:Mt Eden, Auckland2.jpg|thumb|Mount Eden from One Tree Hill
In the 1950s and 1960s the inner suburbs became unfashionable and the old houses of the Mt Eden area were comparatively cheap to buy. Mt Eden developed a slightly bohemian image during this time as a community of artists, writers, teachers and university lecturers made it their home. Mt Eden village is still regarded by many as the "Home Of Arts" in Auckland, due to the large amount of creative activity in and around the suburb and the large number of artists who live nearby.
The Presbyterian Boys' Hostel at 22 View Road is a historic building that became the first home for many young men, who moved to Auckland to train in government and industry at low rates of pay.
Transport
In Mt Eden, the plentiful supply of volcanic stone, as well as the ready supply of labourers from the Mt Eden Prison, allowed for a progressive development of early roads, many of which still exist today as main arterial routes. Early roads were metal or made from scoria. Toll gates were established on several main roads, including Mt Eden Road and Dominion Road, during the 19th century in order to help pay for their upkeep.Public transportation extended from the inner city to the surrounding areas in the late 1870s and early 1880s with horse-drawn buses being the first mode of regular public transportation in the late 1870s. In 1881, a railway opened that connected Newmarket to Helensville and stopped in Mt Eden. At the beginning of the 20th century, trams began connecting Mt. Eden, Balmoral, Kingsland, and Mt Albert with the city. The trams ran for the last time in the 1950s. Trams were replaced with trolley buses. The trolley buses were replaced with diesel buses in the 1970s.
Local government
Mt Eden falls within the Epsom constituencies for the national Parliament. In terms of local government, Mt Eden comes under the Albert-Eden Local Board, of Auckland Council.During the 19th century, the planning and maintenance of the main arterial roads provided the impetus to form local governing bodies in the area. The Mt Eden Highway Board held its first meeting in 1868; it covered the area of Mt Eden, Eden Valley, Sandringham, and Balmoral. At the time, it was responsible for building and maintaining the roads and dealing with the pigs, horses, cattle, and sheep that freely roamed the area. In 1882 it became the Mt Eden Road Board. In 1906 Mt Eden gained borough status and the Mt Eden Borough Council was formed. In 1989 the Borough Council amalgamated with Auckland City Council in a nationwide local government reorganisation. In November 2010, the City Council was dissolved and was incorporated into the new larger Auckland Council.
Mayors (1906–1989)
- Oliver Nicholson, 1906–1918
- Charles Hudson, 1918–1920
- John Wisdom Shackelford, 1920–1923
- Rev. James Leslie Allan Kayll, 1923–1923
- Ernest Herbert Potter, 1923–1931
- Thomas McNab, 1931–1938
- Robert James Mills, 1938–1950
- Alton Clive Johns, 1950–1959
- Phillip Guy Dickinson, 1959–1962
- Ernest Wilfred Turner, 1962–1968
- Robert Claude Mills, 1968–1974
- Ronald Athol Gribble, 1974–1977
- William Noel Barton, 1977–1983
- Philippa Anne Cunningham, 1983–1986
- Gordon Brayden Johns, 1986–1989
Housing
During the 1870s many middle class residents left the urban central city for areas such as Mount Eden due to a desire for healthier living conditions. Many large homesteads were built around this time, although few survive.
Homes in the 20th century were built with a mix of styles including Arts and Crafts, modernism, and Spanish Mission. Traditionally homes were standalone but during the interwar period apartment blocks started being built. Multi unit homes were built more frequently after WW2 but were often derided due to lacking architectural merit. The construction of a high rise apartment around the base of Mount Eden led to restrictions on building height to preserve views of the mountain. The desirability of the area and protections for existing buildings has led to many non-residential buildings being converted into apartments. Notable examples include the former council chambers and fire station and the Mt Eden Congregational Church.
Economy
Initially Mt Eden's economy was based upon agricultural and small shops that serviced residents. With the railway connection in the 1880s industrial businesses start popping up although Mt Eden remained rural. The most notable industrial business was the Colonial Ammunition Company which was formed in 1888 by Major John Whitney. In the 1960s Mount Eden's economy was primarily timber working, engineering products, and warehousing. These manufacturing industries have been gradually shutting down, with former sites being developed into residential housing.Demographics
Historical population in the Mount Eden Eden Road District and Mount Eden Borough:- 1878: 733
- 1881: 1135
- 1886: 3144
- 1891: 3136
- 1896: 3677
- 1901: 5129
- 1906: 6888
- 1911: 9381
- 1956: 19,400
Mount Eden covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Mount Eden had a population of 24,495 in the 2023 New Zealand census, a decrease of 369 people since the 2018 census, and an increase of 897 people since the 2013 census. There were 12,300 males, 12,009 females and 183 people of other genders in 8,535 dwellings. 6.6% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 35.6 years. There were 3,504 people aged under 15 years, 6,297 aged 15 to 29, 11,982 aged 30 to 64, and 2,712 aged 65 or older.
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 63.8% European ; 8.2% Māori; 5.4% Pasifika; 30.1% Asian; 3.1% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders ; and 2.0% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 94.9%, Māori language by 1.8%, Samoan by 1.1%, and other languages by 28.5%. No language could be spoken by 1.3%. New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 40.0, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Religious affiliations were 24.5% Christian, 4.2% Hindu, 1.6% Islam, 0.3% Māori religious beliefs, 1.9% Buddhist, 0.4% New Age, 0.3% Jewish, and 1.8% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 59.7%, and 5.3% of people did not answer the census question.
Of those at least 15 years old, 10,611 people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 7,116 had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 3,267 people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $52,900, compared with $41,500 nationally. 4,689 people earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 11,961 people were employed full-time, 2,877 were part-time, and 681 were unemployed.
| Name | Area | Population | Density | Dwellings | Median age | Median income |
| Eden Park | 0.51 | 1,599 | 3,135 | 576 | 33.8 years | $63,500 |
| Eden Valley | 0.58 | 2,160 | 3,724 | 780 | 34.9 years | $49,200 |
| Mount Eden North East | 0.41 | 1,815 | 4,427 | 558 | 33.4 years | $32,900 |
| Mount Eden North | 0.87 | 3,180 | 3,655 | 1,323 | 37.5 years | $50,600 |
| Balmoral | 0.78 | 3,123 | 4,004 | 1,056 | 35.3 years | $49,400 |
| Mount Eden West | 0.79 | 3,399 | 4,303 | 1,149 | 35.8 years | $55,500 |
| Mount Eden East | 0.76 | 2,766 | 3,639 | 972 | 36.4 years | $55,000 |
| Maungawhau | 0.73 | 2,742 | 3,756 | 909 | 36.6 years | $57,000 |
| Mount Eden South | 0.87 | 3,702 | 4,255 | 1,215 | 36.7 years | $55,700 |
| New Zealand | 38.1 years | $41,500 |