Mobile Naval Air Base
The Mobile Naval Airfield Organisation was the shore-based component of the naval air logistics organisation. This comprised two types of units, a Mobile Operational Naval Air Base and a Transportable Aircraft Maintenance Yard. These were mobile units, the first of which formed in 1944, to provide logistical support to the Fleet Air Arm squadrons of the Royal Navy's British Pacific Fleet, towards the end of World War II.
There were a number of units within and each unit was self-contained and designed to service and repair aircraft and engines. Each were initially assembled at the MNAO headquarters at, which first commissioned at RNAS Ludham, Norfolk, then later at RNAS Middle Wallop, Hampshire, both in the UK, and then were forward deployed.
When the naval threat in the Atlantic was clearly vanishing, with the decline of Nazi Germany, proposals were made to involve the Royal Navy in the Pacific War. The United States Navy's Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Ernest King, did not welcome this, however. A well-known anglophobe, King preferred to exclude the British and, in addition, he laid down operating requirements that could not be met at the time. One of these was that the Royal Navy should be self-sustaining and independent of United States Navy logistical resources for extended periods of active service.
King was effectively overruled, and the Royal Navy began establishing an adequate logistical infrastructure which included MONABs.
Concept
During the Second World War, to meet the Royal Navy Eastern Fleet's requirements, to provide serviceable aircraft for aircraft carriers, along with trained aircrew, airbases were constructed in Africa. They were just about completed by the time the fleet returned to Ceylon but at that point they were then no longer required. The Director Naval Air Division drafted requirements for mobile bases in October 1942 and following a meeting in November the concept of a mobile naval airfield was created.In September 1943, Colonel Fuller, RM, was appointed as Senior Officer Mobile Naval Airfields Organisation and this was effectively the beginning of the Mobile Naval Airfields Organisation. November saw a proposed structure and size for a MNAO and at the beginning of 1944 the plan for the location of operations was likely to be Ceylon. However, in the spring a British Pacific Fleet was to form and the plan for the location of the operations moved to Australia. On 1 August 1944, the formation of a headquarters for the MNAO and the first two MONABs in the United Kingdom was considered.
The Admiralty had no suitable sites available so the search turned to the Royal Air Force. The Air Ministry proposed the airfield at Ludham, north east of Norwich, Norfolk. It was agreed to take up the offer of the fighter station to use as an HQ and forming centre, and the Royal Navy started moving into Ludham on 23 August. The station was commissioned on 4 September as HMS Flycatcher, Headquarters Mobile Naval Airfields Organisation.
Mobile Naval Airfield Organisation
The Mobile Naval Airfield Organisation was eventually made up of two different types of unit: the Mobile Operational Naval Air Base and the Transportable Aircraft Maintenance Yard.Initially, a Mobile Naval Airfield Unit was the first type of mobile unit conceived. This was envisaged to be set up in forward areas. The second type of unit devised was a Transportable Air Base which was more akin to an aircraft repair yard. Due to the modular "component" system an MNAU could be upgraded to a TAB if required. However, these had developed and renamed Mobile Operational Naval Air Base by the middle of 1944 and there became a type A and a type B. The former providing mobile maintenance, supporting 50 aircraft and the latter included mobile repair, supporting 100 aircraft. A third unit was created, a Transportable Aircraft Maintenance Yard, to provide mobile aircraft repair facilities.
The initial idea of the MONAB was
"the rapid provision of facilities at airfields and airstrips for the training and maintenance of naval air squadrons disembarked from carriers operating in advance of existing bases".These were not envisaged as an active shore base for naval aircraft to operate from against the enemy. These were to supply personnel and material, typical of naval aviation, to facilitate naval aircraft to utilise airfields controlled by the Royal Air Force or any other Service.
The TAMY was much less mobile than a MONAB and much more complex. These were not intended for the forward areas and were expected to be situated close to the main fleet, and their personnel needed to be highly skilled. They were equipped with a full range of workshops, included aircraft stores and equipment, and were capable of under-taking major repairs and overhauls to airframes, engines and components.
A decision was made to form five MONABs and one TAMY early in 1944. These were to be assembled in the UK and transported to the Far East for service there. The Royal Air Force station at Ludham, Norfolk, was acquired and commissioned as HMS Flycatcher, known as Royal Naval Air Station Ludham, in August. It was used to assemble the MONABs at around one per month, however, at the end of 1944 Ludham was returned to the RAF, and swapped for the Royal Air Force station at Middle Wallop, Hampshire. The MNAO HQ, HMS Flycatcher, moved in and the airbase was known as Royal Naval Air Station Middle Wallop.
In November 1944 four Royal Australian Air Force airfields were chosen for transfer to the Royal Navy. These were the RAAF Station at Nowra, around south of the city of Sydney, and was planned as a MONAB to hold up to ninety aircraft and to have a Mobile Aircraft Torpedo Maintenance Unit. RAAF Jervis Bay, which was about east of Nowra, and was also planned as a MONAB to hold up to ninety aircraft and to have a MATMU. RAAF Station Schofields was also chosen and was initially planned to support fighter squadrons. The airbase was located approximately west of Sydney. Bankstown Airport, which was south west of Sydney, was needed as a Receipt and Despatch Unit and possess the ability for assembling seventy aircraft at first, then rising to two-hundred per month.
By May 1945 it was clear the programme of works at these four airfields were overrunning. To mitigate, other airfields that needed less adjustments than those already selected, were considered. These sites were put forward by the Royal Navy to fulfil its increasing requirements, including a required by date:
- RAAF Station Evans Head, Evans Head, New South Wales - required by August 1945
- RAAF Station Narromine, Narromine, New South Wales - required by September 1945
- Greenhills - required by October 1945
- RAAF Base Coffs Harbour, Coffs Harbour - required by November 1945
- Cecil Plains, Queensland - required by December 1945
- Leyburn Airfield Leyburn, Queensland - required by January 1946
By V-J Day, nine MONABs and a single TAMY had assembled and left the UK, and a tenth MONAB was forming at RNAS Middle Wallop. Six of the nine, and the TAMY, had taken over air stations or establishments, but some of them were only half built in Australia.
The surrender of Japan on 15 August prompted a stop to the work at RNAS Middle Wallop, although MONAB X still commissioned on 1 September 1945 as HMS Nabhurst. As there was no operational need for this unit it paid off on 12 October, but its equipment, along with Mobile Repair No. 4, were kept on Care & Maintenance. MONABs XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and a proposed second TAMY were all cancelled.
The airfield at Middle Wallop was to be handed back to the RAF in April 1946. A review of the organisation was to take place and the MNAO was to become a lodger unit at RNAS Lossiemouth, Moray. In particular MONAB X and MATMU 1 were to be housed at RNAS Lossiemouth while MR 4 was to be installed at Lossiemouth's satellite airfield RNAS Milltown. Lossiemouth was scheduled to be commissioned on 12 July, therefore as an interim measure the MNAO was to be accommodated across three sites: RNAS Fearn (HMS Owl), Ross-shire, Scotland, RNAS Inskip (HMS Nightjar) and RNAE Risley, both in Lancashire, England, whilst awaiting a move to their new home.
MONAB Development Unit
The Mobile Naval Airfield Organisation's name was changed to reflect its new role, becoming the MONAB Development Unit. By 1950, MONAB X was held in storage at RNAS Lossiemouth, however, it was decided in the autumn of that year to reactivate it at a reserve airfield and RNAS Henstridge, Somerset, was chosen.Confidential Admiralty Fleet Order 139/51 took MONAB 10 out of storage from 7 September 1951. Spring 1942 saw the initial components arrive at RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron), Somerset, approximately from RNAS Henstridge, and by the autumn MONAB 10 was in place. The unit disbanded on 2 July 1955, but by the end of the decade the MONAB Development Unit had disappeared from official records.
It was confirmed in April 1956, by the Director of Air Operations and Training, that the MONAB
Development Unit had been dispersed. Also adding that its equipment, located at RNAS Henstridge and RNAS Yeovilton, was regarded obsolete.
MONAB
A MONAB was designed to have all of the effectiveness of a naval air station, or an aircraft carrier, and could be conveyed to any spot around the world. It was made up of a number of non-technical and technical units. There were non-technical units such as a command & executive unit, a medical unit, stores, a flying control unit and a radio & radar unit. The technical units included componenets such as a mobile maintenance unit, a maintenance servicing unit, maintenance air radio and maintenance air gunnery units. There were also some supplementary add-on expert units such as a maintenance storage & reserve unit, a mobile repair unit and a mobile air torpedo maintenance unit.In order to support the mobile bases the MNAO needed to find large numbers of specialist vehicles and trailers to cater for the mobilisation. Vehicles for functions and roles such as: containerised workshops and offices, air traffic control and Very high frequency and Direction finding vans, meteorological van for weather forecasting, photographic tender, bakery, electrical generating, crashtenders, ambulances, and more.
MONAB Structure
The basic MONAB structure comprised a fixed set of six common elements: command, administration, repair & air maintenance, operations & training, airfield defence, and construction. The repair and maintenance components were then relevant to the units role:- The command element - this consisted a Commanding Officer, an Executive Officer and staff.
- The administration element - this comprised Medical, Dental, Pay office, Naval & Air stores, Clothing stores, Messing, Victualling, Station Maintenance - encompassing accommodation, Discipline, Motor Transport, Water & Sanitation.
- The repair & air maintenance element was made up of workshops for: Air gunnery, Mobile Air Radio Maintenance, Mobile Maintenance, Mobile Servicing by role.
- Operations & Training - this contained Flying control, Radio & Radar, Flight Deck Officer, Meteorological, Photographic, Station Flight, and a Fleet Requirements Unit if one existed.
- Airfield Defence - this was made up of Ground defence, Support, Anti-Aircraft Defence.
- Construction - a detachment of Royal Marine Engineers - No construction units were ever assembled.
Miscellaneous components
Where specific situations arose, some additional non-technical components could be attached to a MONAB to meet an exact need. For these units it is unknown what size the personnel levels were:- Aircraft Erection unit - this components role was to fit together reserve airframes as part of a Receipt and Despatch MONAB, or TAMY.
- Aircraft Equipping unit - Its role was to install equipment into the assembled reserve airframes, as part of a Receipt and Despatch MONAB, or TAMY.
- Aircraft Stripping unit - this was tasked with the removal of equipment and parts from airframes damaged beyond local repair, as part of a Receipt and Despatch MONAB, or TAMY.
- Standard Preservation Unit - This component was responsible for the preservation of aircraft that were to be held in storage, or were for shipment by sea.
- Mobile Malarial Hygiene Unit - These were specialist medical units and were attached to other units that were operating in areas infested with mosquitoes carrying malaria.
Repair & air maintenance elements
With the exception of MONAB II and TAMY I, all mobile airfield units were formed with one Mobile Maintenance element and two Maintenance Servicing elements. Each Mobile Repair element and Maintenance, Storage & Reserve element were attached to each unit where needed.Mobile components
- Moblile Servicing - An Mobile Servicing unit was tasked to support the servicing of twenty-five aircraft over fourteen days. Each unit was equipped with four specialist lorries. This allocation included one lorry fitted out as a workshop, two general stores lorries and one general purpose lorry for transporting ground equipment. An MS units personnel was a couple of Officers, eight CPOs and POs and five ratings. Each individual MS unit was tasked to support specific aircraft types.
- Mobile Maintenance - Each Mobile Maintenance unit was tasked with the maintenance of up to 50 aircraft of different types, with aircraft repair by parts replacement, and the repair & overhaul of aircraft components, for one month. These units were equipped with six specialist lorries. These included one machine shop lorry, one electrical and instrument workshop lorry, one lorry as a general-purpose workshop, one battery charging lorry and two generator lorries. Two steel framed, canvas covered portable Dorland hangars were provided for the work to be carried out under cover, capable of housing one large & one small aircraft. An MM unit was manned by six Officers, twenty-five CPOs and POs and sixty-four ratings.
- Mobile Air Radio Maintenance - These components comprised three Radio and four Radar workshops, two stores lorries and two 22 Kw generator lorries, similar to those used by an MM. The workshops were on road/rail containers which were mounted on three Ton Bedford trucks. One MAR component was attached to each MONAB and supported all equipment types in use by the British Pacific Fleet. Manned by one or two Air Radio Officers and twenty-six ratings.
- Maintenance, Storage & Reserve - These units were intended to maintain and store fifty reserve aircraft, with each unit being equipped with a Dorland hangar for maintenance work. Attached to MONABs where reserve aircraft stocks were to be held. Individual MSR units stored a number of different aircraft types. An MSR unit had its own complement of 3 Officers, 29 CPOs & POs and 99 ratings.
- Mobile Personnel - This component was made up of maintenance personnel. They provided their own tool kits and were tasked with supporting a disembarked squadron that had no maintenance ratings of its own.
- Mobile Air Torpedo Maintenance Unit - This units role was torpedo servicing and supply. These units where attached to MONABs which supported disembarked Torpedo, Bomber & Reconnaissance squadrons, and provided an Air Torpedo live firing range.. A MATMU was manned by 1 Officer. 2 CPOs & POs and 30 ratings.
Pack-ups
- Mobile Repair - A containerised pack-up unit tasked with carrying out repairs above those handled by an MM unit, but below the level requiring the attention of an aircraft repair yard. It had a large range of machine tool and equipment. These units were intended for inclusion in type 'A' MONABs, to undertake major inspections. However, due to operational demands some of the MR units in Australia were moved from unit to unit when required. Two Brook hangars were provided to enable sixteen concurrent aircraft engine changes. Each MR unit was tasked with support of a number of different aircraft types. The manning levels for these units is not known.
- Mobile Servicing & Maintenance - A containerised pack-up unit containing all the equipment of one MM and two MS units, without the specialist vehicles, as it was designed to be substituted for the MM & MS components in a MONAB, to be installed at an airfield. MONAB II was the only unit known to have included an MSM.
- Maintenance Annex - These units could have been 'add on' components to supplement an MR, however, their tasking is not clear,. The manning levels for these units is not known.
Complement
The number of personnel for a typical MONAB were adjusted as necessary and it is entirely feasible that no two MONABs had the same complement. Additional officers and ratings were added post formation and despatch as each unit needed to be modified to meet a specific role. Arguably, MONAB VII was likely the nearest to something of a standard complement.Additional complement
MONABs were required to accommodate and feed 950 personnel from disembarked squadrons. Any MONAB that held large numbers of reserve aircraft had a Mobile, Storage & Reserve component and each of these had a complement of around 122 personnel.Units
There were eleven commissioned units, ten Mobile Operational Naval Air Bases MONABs and one Transportable Aircraft Maintenance Yard, ten of these saw active service for the British Pacific Fleet, most based in Australia. The last unit was decommissioned in 1946. Five further MONABs and a planned second TAMY were all cancelled after V-J Day:MONAB I, HMS ''Nabbington''
MONAB I formed at RNAS Ludlam in September 1944, commissioned as HMS Nabbington on 28 October and departed from UK in November, arriving in Sydney in December, to commission at RAAF Nowra on 2 January 1945. The unit was able to fully support Vought Corsair fighter bomber and Grumman Avenger torpedo bomber aircraft. During March and April 1945, issues with the runways at RNAS Nowra meant the temporary use of the satellite base at RAAF Jervis Bay. Between February and October squadrons from the Royal Navy's fleet carriers,,, and, were supported and it operated a Fleet Requirements Unit for aircraft carriers working up in the local area. It also held a formed up reserve List of [Fleet Air Arm groups#Carrier air groups|Carrier Air Group]. MONAB I paid off 15 November, being replaced by MONAB V, HMS Nabswick, at RNAS Nowra, and its personnel either returned to the UK or were absorbed by other MONABs in Australia.MONAB II, HMS ''Nabberley''
MONAB II assembled at RNAS Ludham and RNATE Risley, in October 1944 as a Receipt and Dispatch Unit. An advance party sailed for Australia aboard the aircraft repair ship and light aircraft carrier,, followed by stores and equipment in November, and remaining personnel in December. The advance party arrived in Sydney in early December and moved to Bankstown Airport, the main party arrived in late January 1945 and Bankstown was transferred on loan to the Royal Navy and quickly commissioned as HMS Nabberley on 29 January. The unit could support every aircraft type in Fleet Air Arm service, including Supermarine Sea Otter and Beech Expeditor.Insufficient aircraft manufacturing targets meant that the Mobile Storage unit was unnecessary, therefore, in February it was broken up, sections were allocated to a number of escort carriers and sent to Ponam Island to support MONAB IV and the Forward Aircraft Pool, and to TAMY I at RNAMY Archerfield in March. 723 Naval Air Squadron, a Fleet Requirements Unit, formed in February, moving to RNAS Nowra in May, and 724 Naval Air Squadron, a Communications squadron, formed in April, moved to RNAS Schofields in March 1946.
MONAB II and HMS Nabberley paid off at Bankstown Airport on 31 March 1946, the station returning to RAAF control.