Moba language

Moba or Bimoba is a Niger-Congo language spoken by the Moba people of Togo and Ghana. There are also some Moba speakers in Burkina Faso. It has two dialects. The language cluster is also known as Moba–Bimoba.

Classification

Moba-Bimoba is a Gur language, a subset of the proposed Niger-Congo [language family]. It, along with Bassari and Konkomba/Likpakpaln, is part of the Gurma subgroup of Gur languages.
Moba is spoken by the Moba people. It is spoken by the Moba people in northern Ghana and Togo. There are also some Moba speakers in the central plateau of Burkina Faso.
Moba is a relatively important and vigorous language in Togo. It was one of the first four languages used for literacy training by Togo's government, and as of 2024, remains one of ten languages used for this purpose. Ethnologue lists Moba as stable, but the Bimoba dialect as endangered.

Phonology

Bimoba has twenty-two consonants and six vowels.

Consonants

The singly-articulated consonants of Bimoba are listed below.
The Bimoba dialect also has four doubly-articulated consonants, all of which involve labial and velar occlusions. One is the labiovelar approximant, and the other three are the voiced and voiceless stops and voiced nasal.

Vowels

Chanard lists six vowels in Bimoba. Moba has both oral and nasal vowels, and has a distinction between long and short vowels.

	Front	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open	a

Tones

Moba is a tonal language, with four tones. It exhibits downstep, meaning that the second of two consecutive identical tones is slightly lowered compared to the first. Tone patterns also form the core of a whistled language based on Moba.
Moba is a register tone language, like other Gur languages, but it incorporates a fourth, extrahigh tone in addition to the three-level high, middle, low tone system of most other Gur languages. The fourth tone appears to have been a result of segmental attrition in Moba compared to its sister languages. Specifically, Moba lost final vowels that other languages retained:

Gulmancema tone	Gulmancema word	Moba word	Moba tone
high-low			extrahigh
high-high			high

In three-tone Gur languages, the underlying high tone is pronounced higher before a low tone than before a high tone, though this difference is not contrastive. Moba lost the second syllable but retained the phonetic distinction between extrahigh and high tones, and has grammaticalized that difference as a fourth tone.

Grammar

Moba is an SVO language, like English. It has both a noun class system and a verb class system. Most Moba morphemes are monosyllabic. Negation generally occurs before the verb, but is placed clause-finally in some constructions.

Writing system

ẽ

ɛ̃

ɩ̃

ɔ̃