Misumalpan languages

External relations

Classification

• Miskito – nearly 200,000 speakers, mainly in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, but including some in Honduras.
• Sumalpan languages:
• * Sumo languages – some 8,000 speakers along the Huaspuc River and its tributaries, most in Nicaragua but some in Honduras. Many of them have shifted to Miskito.
• ** Mayangna - dominant variety of the Sumo family
• ** Ulwa
• * Matagalpan
• ** Cacaopera – formerly spoken in the Morazán department of El Salvador; and
• ** Matagalpa – formerly spoken in the central highlands of Nicaragua and the El Paraíso department of Honduras

Loukotka (1968)

• Miskito - language spoken along the north-eastern coast of Mosquitia, Central America. Dialects are:
• *Kâbô - spoken on the central coast of Mosquitia.
• *Baldam - spoken on the Sandy Bay and near Bimuna.
• *Tawira / Tauira / Tangwera - spoken on the Prinzapolca River.
• *Wanki - spoken on the Coco River and on the Cabo Gracias a Dios.
• *Mam / Cueta - spoken on the left bank of the Wangki River.
• *Chuchure - extinct dialect once spoken around Nombre de Dios, Panama.
• Ulua / Wulwa / Gaula / Oldwaw / Taulepa - spoken on the Ulúa River and Carca River, Nicaragua.
• Sumu / Simou / Smus / Albauin - spoken on the Prinzapolca River, Nicaragua. Dialects are:
• *Bawihka - spoken on the Banbana River.
• *Tawihka / Táuaxka / Twaca / Taga - spoken between the Coco River and Prinzapolca River.
• *Panamaca - spoken between the Pispis River, Waspuc River, and Bocay River.
• *Cucra / Cockorack - spoken on the Escondido River and Siqui River.
• *Yosco - spoken on the Tuma River and Bocay River.

• Matagalpa / Chontal / Popoluca - extinct language once spoken from the Tumo River to the Olama River, Nicaragua.
• Jinotega / Chingo - extinct language once spoken in the villages of Jinotega and Danlí, Nicaragua.
• Cacaopera - spoken in the villages of Cacaopera and Lislique, El Salvador.

  Proto-language