Mistislaw
Mistislaw, also known as Mstislav, was an Elbe Slavic prince of the Nakonid lineage and ruled over the Obotrites in what is now Mecklenburg and eastern Holstein from 990/995 to 1018.
The Nakonids were among the most powerful Christian Slavic princes in the second half of the 10th century. In the retinue of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I, Mistislaw participated in Otto II's campaign against the Saracens in southern Italy in 982, from which he returned with only a few survivors. In the subsequent Slavic revolt of 983, the Nakonids relinquished their sovereignty over several Obotrite branches to the victorious Lutici. Upon the death of his father, Mstivoj, in 990 or 995, Mistislaw attempted to establish royal rule over the remaining peoples. While he managed to secure the support of the Church and the Empire, the opposition within the Obotrites joined forces with the Lutici. From 1003 onwards, Mistislaw's ability to secure Saxon support was eroded by Henry II's alliance with the Lutici against the Polish prince Boleslaw I. This ultimately resulted in Mistislaw's inability to assert his authority. In February 1018, the Lutici invaded the Obotrite kingdom, incited unrest among the population, and compelled Mistislaw to seek refuge in the Saxon Bardengau.
The majority of recent research views Mistislaw as a Christian Slavic prince with close ties to the Holy Roman Empire. This research suggests that his attempt to reorganise the Obotrite kingdom from a personal state to a territorial state failed, despite the support of the Church and the Saxon duchy.
Life
Origin and family
Mistislaw, also known as Mistizlavus and Missizla in historical sources, was the son of the Obotritic sovereign, Mstivoj. He had two sisters, Tove and Hodica. A marriage to the niece of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I was unsuccessful in 983 due to the opposition of Dietrich of Haldensleben. Mistislaw had a son, Pribignew, with an unknown wife, who assumed control of the confederation around 1020 with the support of Danish and Saxon forces.Campaign against the Saracens in southern Italy
Before assuming the role of ruler, Mistislaw participated in Emperor Otto II's Italian campaign in 982 as a representative of the Nakonid family. At the head of a delegation of Obotrite armoured horsemen, he crossed the Alps in 981/982 in the wake of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I to reinforce the imperial army in the southern part of the empire. At this juncture, the emperor initiated a military campaign against the Saracens, who had advanced from Sicily to the southern Italian mainland under the leadership of their emir Abu al-Qasim. The contingent led by Mistislaw is said to have consisted of 1,000 armoured horsemen. By medieval standards, this number is hardly believable, particularly when one considers that the emperor had only requested a total of 2090 armoured riders from the northern part of the empire in his call-up order. Nevertheless, the number of Obotrite warriors must have been exceptionally high, as Bernhard I promised the marriage of his niece to Mistislaw in return for their participation in the campaign, thus creating a dynastic connection between the two princely houses. While Bernhard I was compelled to return to the north at an early stage due to an invasion by the Danes, the vast majority of the Abodrites perished in Italy. Although their ultimate fate remains unknown, it seems likely that they participated in the Battle of Cape Colonna, in which the imperial army was decisively defeated on 15 July 982.Mistislaw returned to Mecklenburg with the few survivors. Upon demanding the fulfilment of the marriage promise, Count Dietrich von Haldensleben refused to provide him with the bride, stating that a duke's blood relative should not be given to a dog. It seems probable that Dietrich's reasons for opposing a dynastic union between the Billungers and the Nakonids were power-political. As Margrave of the Nordmark, he competed with the Billungers and Nakonids for influence in the Circipanian territory, which was traditionally subject to Obotrite rule. Conversely, it seems unlikely that Dietrich's ethnic reservations about a marriage between the Slavic prince's son and the Saxon princess were a significant factor in his opposition to the union. Such unions were not uncommon at the time. In 978, Dietrich himself had sponsored the marriage of his eldest daughter Oda to the Polish prince Mieszko I, and his other daughter Mathilde had married the Hevelli prince Pribislaw. Mistislaw's father, Mstivoj, was married to the sister of the Oldenburg bishop, Wago, and a relative of the Saxon duke, Bernhard I, Weldrud, had been given in marriage to the Wagrian prince, Sederich.
Sovereignty
As the sovereign of the Obotrite confederation, Mistislaw ruled over the eponymous Obotrite branch on both sides of Lake Schwerin and the princes of the various branches. They owed him military allegiance and tribute.Accession to power
The date of Mistislav's accession to power is uncertain. The majority of research has concentrated on the years 990 and 995. Christian Lübke has proposed that a significant shift in Obotrite policy could be identified from 990 onwards, which would indicate a change in leadership. In contrast, Peter Donat and Jürgen Petersohn propose that a friendly visit by King Otto III to Mecklenburg in September 995 could have taken place on the occasion of Mistislav's enthronement.Exercise of power
As his father Mstiwoj had done before him, Mistislaw also used Mecklenburg Castle as a central seat of power and place of representation. This is evidenced by the official residence of the Oldenburg bishops Reginbert and Bernard, who resided at Mecklenburg Castle during Mistislaw's reign. Additionally, a nunnery was situated either on or close to Mecklenburg Castle. Following the Saxon model, this nunnery may have been established to provide accommodation for the daughters of the nobles of the Obotrite lands, to foster a sense of local loyalty among the noble families, binding them to location of the rulers seat. This is at odds with the account in Thietmar of Merseburg, which states that Mistislaw was imprisoned and besieged in Schwerin Castle in 1018. Nils Rühberg does not perceive any inconsistency in this account; rather, he suggests that Mistislaw had fled from Mecklenburg to Schwerin Castle.The question of which of the Obotrite branches Mistislaw ruled over remains unresolved. It is assumed that he ruled over the Polabians to the west and the Kessinians to the east of Lake Schwerin, as well as the Linones to the south, who later emerged with their own tribal princes. The extent of his influence on the most significant branch besides the Obotrites, the Wagri in eastern Holstein, remains uncertain. The majority of scholars today assume that the ecclesiastical structures were permanently abolished in 990 and that Mistislaw still held at most a loose overlordship over the Wagrian prince Sederich. However, Thietmar of Merseburg expressly described him as the ruler of the Obotrites and Wagri in 1018. However, it is certain that the Circipania people along the Lower Peene were not under Mistislaw's rule. It is evident that the Circipanians had already allied themselves with the victorious Lutici, either concurrently or shortly after the Slavic uprising of 983.
Mistislaw sought to establish a form of autocracy within his territory, akin to that of a king. In Obotrite society, the ruler was not the sole bearer of political will. Rather, the lower nobility possessed a range of ancestral rights, including the independent administration of their castle districts and the installation and removal of the ruler. Mistislav's attempt to disempower the lesser nobility led to their opposition to him. The opposition nobles found allies in the pagan priesthood, whose influence Mistislaw sought to eliminate by expanding the Christian church organisation and the associated missionary work among the population. The veracity of reports by the Bosau priest Helmold in his Chronica Slavorum from around 1167 that Mistislaw had turned against the Christian church and dissolved the nunnery on Mecklenburg Castle is increasingly being questioned by researchers. This is particularly the case given that these reports contradict older reports that Bishop Bernhard's missionary endeavours among the Slavs were very successful and that Mistislaw remained a Christian until the end of his life.