Firefly Aerospace


Firefly Aerospace, Inc. is an American aerospace firm based in Cedar Park, Texas. Firefly develops small- and medium-lift launch vehicles for commercial launches to orbit. Firefly's stated purpose is to increase access to space, similar to other private spaceflight companies.
The company was formed when the assets of the former company Firefly Space Systems were acquired by EOS Launcher in March 2017, which was then renamed Firefly Aerospace.

History

Firefly Space Systems

Early growth

Firefly Space Systems began as a startup in January 2014 by Tom Markusic, P.J. King, Michael Blum, and a small group of entrepreneurs who self-funded the company. In November 2014, Firefly moved its headquarters from Hawthorne, California to Austin-suburb Cedar Park, Texas. It grew to 43 employees by November 2014, and purchased of land for an engine test and manufacturing facility in Briggs, Texas, north of Austin.
In 2014, Firefly purchased fiber-winding equipment for manufacturing composite cryotanks that would be built using an out-of-autoclave process. Prototype tanks were tested at Marshall Space Flight Center of NASA in mid-2014.
The Firefly Alpha design was revealed in July 2014. Firefly's objective was to be cash-flow-positive by 2018, based on anticipated small-satellite business. Firefly had signed an agreement with Space Florida to launch from the Florida "Space Coast".
Firefly performed its first hot-fire engine test of the "Firefly Rocket Engine Research 1" on September 10, 2015. The initial demonstration launch of the Firefly Alpha was planned to be as early as 2016.

Litigation and closure

In December 2014, Tom Markusic's former employer Virgin Galactic alleged he had illegally provided Virgin intellectual property to the Alpha development team. Virgin also alleged that Markusic had "destroyed storage devices, disposed of computers, and reformatted hard drives to cover the tracks of his misappropriation of Virgin Galactic information". In August 2016, an independent arbitrator confirmed that Markusic had destroyed evidence. Thereafter, a major European investor backed down, leaving Firefly without sufficient money to proceed. The company furloughed its entire staff in October 2016. According to Markusic, the investor's drawback was not related to the litigation but to Brexit. Within the same month, Virgin Orbit filed suit in Los Angeles County Superior Court against Firefly and two of its officers. By December 1, 2016, Firefly Space Systems had permanently ceased engineering work.
In March 2017, it was announced that "virtually all" of the assets of Firefly would be sold at auction, organized by EOS Launcher, Inc., who had previously bought a US$1 million promissory note issued by Firefly to Space Florida and induced a foreclosure.

Firefly Aerospace

After going bankrupt and being liquidated in March 2017, the company was re-created as Firefly Aerospace by Noosphere Ventures, who bought out the assets of former Firefly Space Systems. The owner of Noosphere Ventures, Max Polyakov, committed to fully fund Firefly through at least its first two launches. The plans for engine development were significantly altered by the new management, and the revised Alpha vehicle design featured a pump-fed engine and removed the aerospike configuration. The reorganization initially delayed development by approximately a year, with the first launch expected, as of 2017 in 2019.File:Firefly Aerospace Ukraine.jpg|thumb|President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko at the opening of a Ukrainian branch
On May 17, 2018, Firefly Aerospace opened a research and development center in the city of Dnipro, Ukraine. The Firefly R&D center was announced to become, over time, a place of work for more than 150 employees, and is equipped with the largest 3D-printer in Ukraine, intended for industrial manufacturing of high-quality metal parts.
On October 10, 2018, Firefly Aerospace and smallsat developer York Space Systems announced a partnership to offer customers a combined package of satellite and launch services.
In November 2018, it was announced that NASA selected Firefly Aerospace as one of nine companies able to bid for Commercial Lunar Payload Services, where the company would propose a robotic lunar lander called Firefly Genesis.
In February 2019, the company announced that it would develop manufacturing facilities and a launch site at Cape Canaveral. They have leased a private launch pad in Florida – the former Space Launch Complex 20 which had been used by the US Air Force in the 1950s through 1996 – from the US government and they also have a similar lease arrangement on the US West Coast.
In December 2019, a group of primary shareholders of Firefly Space Systems filed a lawsuit alleging fraud and intentional bankruptcy of the company by Tom Markusic. According to the defendants, including Polyakov, the lawsuit was provocative and the plaintiffs' claims unfounded, three years after the updated Firefly Aerospace was a significant success. The lawsuit is pending.
In February 2021, NASA awarded approximately US$93.3 million to Firefly Aerospace to develop exploration technologies for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023.
The company completed its $75 million Series A investment round in May 2021, which was led by DADA Holdings.
Firefly launched its first test flight on September 3, 2021. The Firefly Alpha rocket experienced an anomaly during ascent, and the Range terminated the flight using the explosive Flight Termination System.
In late November 2021, Maxim Polyakov received a letter from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States asking Polyakov and his investment firm Noosphere Venture Partners to sell a stake in Firefly for national security reasons. Polyakov denied the threat to US national security, but agreed to comply. Noosphere Ventures has announced that it will hire an investment banking firm to sell. Even before the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the future of the Firefly R&D center in Ukraine was uncertain; after the invasion started, the Dnipro factory was bombed and many of the Ukrainian engineers either joined the army or fled the country.
The government did not give reasons beyond Polyakov was Ukrainian and Ukraine and Russia had once worked together on rockets. Despite Polyakov's anger, he agreed, and on February 24, 2022, it was announced that Polyakov and his company Noosphere would sell their stake in Firefly to AE Industrial Partners.
In August 2022, Northrop Grumman announced that it had contracted Firefly Aerospace to build the Antares rocket's new 300-series' first stage, which is similar to Firefly's in-development MLV launch vehicle, and features the same composite structures as well as seven Miranda engines producing of thrust – substantially greater than the previous 200-series first stage. Northrop Grumman states that the new first stage substantially increases the mass capability of Antares.
On October 1, 2022, Firefly launched the Alpha rocket on its second test flight "To the Black" from Space Launch Complex 2 from Vandenberg Space Force Base. Alpha completed all objectives for the mission, becoming the first orbital rocket to be powered by a tap-off cycle engine. The mission was the first partially successful orbital launch for Alpha, carrying educational payloads. Alpha deployed 7 satellites, however, due to the lower than intended final deployment orbit, most of the satellites re-entered approximately a week after launch.
On September 14, 2023, Firefly successfully launched the Alpha rocket on its first mission for the United States Department of Defense, placing a spacecraft for Millenium Space into orbit and demonstrating rapid response launch for the United States Armed Forces.
In 2024, it was announced that Firefly would compete with the likes of Rocket Lab and SpaceX for small satellite launch contracts with the United States Department of Defense.
In July 2024, CEO Bill Weber resigned amid reports the company was investigating an alleged inappropriate relationship. Peter Schumacher, a board member, served as interim CEO while the company searched for a new CEO. On August 29, 2024, it was announced that the next CEO would be Jason Kim who served in the role at Millennium Space.
In July 2025, Firefly secured a $176.7 million NASA CLPS contract for a south-pole lunar mission planned in 2029. The mission will deliver two rovers and three science instruments using the Blue Ghost lander and Elytra Dark relay satellite.
Firefly went public through an initial public offering on the Nasdaq under the ticker symbol "FLY" in August 2025. The company raised $868 million in the offering and was valued at approximately $10 billion.

Launch vehicles

Firefly Alpha

The Alpha vehicle developed by Firefly Aerospace is an expendable launch vehicle capable of lifting to low Earth orbit and to Sun-synchronous orbit. Firefly's advertised launch price is US$15 million. Alpha is designed to compete with vehicles like Rocket Lab's Electron, ISRO's SSLV, ABL SS's RS1, and Northrop Grumman's Pegasus. It uses four Reaver engines on its first stage and one Lightning engine on its second, with a lightweight carbon composite structure to reduce dry mass, resulting in an improved payload fraction.
Alpha performed its first partially successful orbital launch on October 1, 2022, after an unsuccessful first attempt on September 3, 2021. The first fully successful launch of Alpha took place on September 15, 2023. Firefly launched this mission 27 hours after receiving notice to launch, setting a new national security mission responsive-launch record. The previous responsive-launch record was 21 days in June 2021. Firefly's fourth launch on December 22, 2023, was also partially successful, with the second stage failing to perform its circularization burn, leaving its payload in an elliptical orbit instead.
On September 29, 2025, an Alpha rocket, scheduled for its seventh flight, experienced a first-stage explosion during a pre-flight test in Texas. The company stated that all safety protocols were followed, no personnel were injured, and potential impacts to the test platform were being assessed. This incident will delay the rocket's next launch.
LaunchSuccess/FailureDate
FLTA001Fail9/2021
FLTA002Success10/2022
FLTA003Success9/2023
FLTA004Fail12/2023
FLTA005Partial Success7/2024
FLTA006Fail4/2025