Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations


In Canada, the minister of Crown–Indigenous relations is a minister of the Crown who is responsible for the Department of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, along with the minister of northern and Arctic affairs. The department administers the Indian Act and other legislation dealing with "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians" under subsection 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867. The minister is also more broadly responsible for overall relations between the Government of Canada and First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.
Rebecca Alty has served as The minister of Crown–Indigenous relations since May 13, 2025. The minister is selected by the prime minister and appointed by the Crown. The position is one of two portfolios responsible for policies relating to Indigenous peoples in Canada, with the minister of Indigenous services overseeing service delivery.
WWW ainc-inac.gc.ca

Legal title

The original title of the position in the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Act was "Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development". It was changed to "Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development" on May 18, 2011, and to "Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs" on November 4, 2015. The current title under Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada was introduced on August 28, 2017, when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development would be restructure and gradually abolished.
The current version of the position was created alongside the minister of Indigenous services, who administers Indigenous Services Canada, the department responsible for health care, water, and other services to Indigenous communities when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced on August 28, 2017, that the federal government intended to abolish the Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada department. The Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Act was formally repealed with the Budget Implementation Act, 2019, and replaced with the Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Act and Department of Indigenous Services Act.
Before 1996, and from 2018 to 2024, responsibility for northern affairs was held by a separate minister of northern affairs. The positions were consolidated on December 20, 2024, with Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations Gary Anandasangaree becoming Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, and split again on May 13, 2025, with the northern affairs position was reintroduced as the minister of northern and Arctic affairs.

Mandate

According to their website, the mandate of the Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada is to "renew the nation-to-nation, Inuit-Crown, government-to-government relationship between Canada and First Nations, Inuit and Métis; modernize Government of Canada structures to enable Indigenous peoples to build capacity and support their vision of self-determination; and lead the Government of Canada's work in the North."

Nomenclature

In their July 5, 2018, document, CIRNAC wrote that the concept of Aboriginal nation in Canada, based on the 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, refers to "a sizeable body of Aboriginal people with a shared sense of national identity that constitutes the predominant population in a certain territory or collection of territories. There are three elements in this definition: collective sense of identity; size as a measure of capacity; and territorial predominance. The first element, a collective sense of identity, can be based on a variety of factors. It is usually grounded in a common heritage, which comprises such elements as a common history, language, culture, traditions, political consciousness, laws, governmental structures, spirituality, ancestry, homeland or adherence to a particular treaty."
According to the 1985 Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Act the term "Indian" remained in the department's legal name, although the term "Indigenous" is used in its applied title under the Federal Identity Program.
According to a 2004 AADNC Government of Canada document, the term "First Nation", has been used since the 1970s instead of the word "Indian", which some people found offensive. The term "Indian" is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act. For example, the term "Indian" continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The term "Aboriginal" is commonly used when referring to the three groups of Indigenous peoples as a whole, First Nations, Inuit and Métis. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands.

Background

In 1983, the Penner Report by the Special Parliamentary Committee on Indian Self-Government, chaired by Liberal MP Keith Penner, had recommended the phasing out of the Indian Act and the Department of Indian Affairs and the introduction of Native self-government. Then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, had dismissed the report in 1984. Reports and commissions following the Penner Report including the "Report on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Calls to Action, the Principles Respecting the Government of Canada’s Relationship with Indigenous Peoples, Recognition of Indigenous Rights and Self-Determination discussions, and the national engagement——led by the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations", confirmed that "changes are needed to ensure that policies effectively respond to the needs and interests of Indigenous communities" and that policies need to be aligned "with evolving laws and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, including the concept of free, prior and informed consent." On February 14, 2018, during a speech in the House of Commons, Trudeau announced the formation of the Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework which was intended to "enshrine Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982— which affirms Indigenous rights — in federal law" and to "fill the gap between federal government policies and multiple court decisions on Indigenous rights." It was to be undertaken in "full partnership with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples".
In their Fourteenth Report released on December 3, 2018, the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples listed improvements, changes and concerns related to the relationship between CIRNAC and agencies such as the Lands Advisory Board also known as First Nations Land Management Resource Centre, the First Nations Tax Commission and the First Nations Financial Management Board

Changing names and responsibilities from 1867 to 2019

Prior to Canadian Confederation in 1867, the Indian Department for British North America was responsible for relations between the Crown and Indigenous peoples.
A 'Superintendent-general of Indian Affairs' was in the Cabinet of Canada from 1867 until 1936 when the Minister of Mines and Resources became responsible for indigenous relations. In 1950, the Indian Affairs branch was transferred to the minister of citizenship and immigration, who had responsibility for "status Indians" until the creation of the position of minister of Indian affairs and northern development in 1966.
Before 1966, the Northern Development portions of the portfolio were the responsibility of the minister of northern affairs and national resources.
A 1983 House of Commons Committee recommended that Indian or First Nations communities be allowed to write their own membership code provided that the code did not violate fundamental human rights. A second report from the 1983 Penner Committee recommended the gradual abolition of the office of minister of Indian affairs and a transfer of responsibility for their own affairs to First Nations communities. Proposed changes died on the House of Commons' Order Paper at the end of the parliamentary session and have not been re-introduced.
Until amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 restored Indian status to many people whose status had been revoked for discriminatory reasons, about half of the persons who identified as 'Indian' were entitled to be registered as Indians under the Indian Act and to receive the benefits reserved for registered Indians under the Act. In 1985, status was restored to 100,000 people including women who married men who were not Status Indians, and their children; people who had, prior to 1961, renounced their Indian status so they could vote in federal elections, and their children; people whose mother and paternal grandmother did not have status before marriage, and their children; and people who had been born out of wedlock of mothers with status and fathers without, and their children.
As of July 2004, the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development has been assigned the role of Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians concurrently.
By 2017, CIRNAC and the Minister of Indigenous Services were responsible for federal government relations with First Nations, Inuit and Métis.

Acts

The Minister has responsibilities, wholly or partially, under a number of Acts:Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act R.S., 1985, c. A-12British Columbia Indian Cut-off Lands Settlement Act — 1984, c. 2British Columbia Indian Reserves Mineral Resources Act — 1943–44, c. 19British Columbia Treaty Commission Act — 1995, c. 45Canada Petroleum Resources Act — R.S., 1985, c. 36 Canada-Yukon Oil and Gas Accord Implementation Act — 1998, c. 5Canadian Polar Commission Act — 1991, c. 6Caughnawaga Indian Reserve Act — 1934, c. 29Claim Settlements Implementation Act — 2002, c-3Condominium Ordinance Validation Act— 1985, c. 46Cree-Naskapi Act — 1984, c. 18Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Act — S.C. 2019, c. 29, s. 337Dominion Water Power Act, — R.S., 1985, c. W-4First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act — 2005, c. 53First Nations Jurisdiction over Education in British Columbia Act — 2006, c. 10First Nations Land Management Act — 1999, c. 24First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act — 2005, c. 48Fort Nelson Indian Reserve Minerals Revenue Sharing Act — 1980-81-82-83, c. 38Grassy Narrows and Islington Indian Bands Mercury Pollution Claims Settlement Act — 1986, c. 23Gwich’in Land Claim Settlement Act — 1992, c. 53Indian Act — R.S., 1985, c. I-5Indian Lands Agreement Act — 1988, c. 39Indian Oil and Gas Act — R.S., 1985, c. I-7Kanesatake Interim Land Base Governance Act — 2001, c. 8Kelowna Accord Implementation Act 2008, c. 23Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act — 2005, c. 27Lands Surveys Act, Canada — R.S., 1985, c. L-6 Part IIIMackenzie Valley Resource Management Act — 1998, c. 25Manitoba Claim Settlements Implementation Act — 2000, c. 33Mi’kmaq Education Act — 1998, c. 24
  • Natural Resources Transfer Amendments, — 1960–61, c. 62Nelson House First Nation Flooded Land Act — 1997, c. 29New Brunswick Indian Reserves Agreement — 1959, c. 47Northwest Territories Act — R.S., 1985, c. N-27Northwest Territories Waters Act — 1992, c. 39Nova Scotia Indian Reserves Agreement — 1959, c. 50Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act — 2008, c. 2Nunavut Act — 1993, c. 28Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act — 1993, c. 29Nunavut Waters and Nunavut Surface Rights Tribunal Act — 2002, c. 10Oil and Gas Operations Act, Canada — R.S., 1985, c. O-7Pictou Landing Indian Band Agreement Act — 1995, c. 4Sahtu Dene and Metis Land Claim Settlement Act — 1994, c. 27St. Peters Indian Reserve Act — 1916, c. 24St. Regis Islands Act — 1926–27, c. 37Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Act — 1993, c. 11Sechelt Indian Band Self-Government Act — 1986, c. 27Songhees Indian Reserve Act — 1911, c. 24Specific Claims Tribunal Act 2008, c. 22Split Lake Cree First Nation Flooded Land Act — 1994, c. 42Territorial Lands Act — R.S., 1985, c. T-7Tlicho Land Claims and Self-Government Act — 2005, c. 1Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement Act — 2008, c. 32Westbank First Nation Self-Government Act — 2004, c. 17Western Arctic Claims Settlement Act — 1984, c. 24York Factory First Nation Flooded Land Act — 1997, c. 28Yukon Act — 2002, c. 7Yukon Environmental and Socioeconomic Assessment Act — 2003, c. 7Yukon First Nations Self-Government Act — 1994, c. 35

Boards, Commissions and Other Responsibilities

The Minister is also the lead Minister or responsible Minister for:
  • Canadian Polar Commission
  • Corporation for the Mitigation of Mackenzie Gas Project Impacts
  • First Nations Statistical Institute
  • Indian Oil and Gas Canada
  • Northwest Territories Commissioner
  • Northwest Territories Water Board
  • Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board
  • Contract for Implementation of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
  • Nunavut Commissioner
  • Nunavut Impact Review Board
  • Nunavut Planning Commission
  • Nunavut Water Board
  • Yukon Territory Commissioner

List of ministers

Prior to 1966, responsibilities for the Indian Affairs portion of this portfolio fell under the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, and the Northern Development portion under the Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources.