Midshipman fish
A midshipman fish is any species of toadfish belonging to the genus Porichthys. Historically, there have been two common names. Porichthys refers to the well developed pores on the fish, and this led to the common name "Porous Catfish". The other common name, "Midshipman" is based on the pattern of button-like luminous spots which resemble the buttons on the uniforms of young naval officers known as midshipmen.
Midshipman fish are distinguished by their photophores and four lateral lines. Typical midshipman fishes, such as the plainfin midshipman, are nocturnal and bury themselves in sand or mud in the intertidal zone during the day, to float just above the seabed at night. Some species have venomous dorsal spines and are capable of inflicting serious injuries if handled.
Description
Male midshipman fish have two morphs: type I and type II. Type I and type II males have different reproductive strategies, and can be distinguished from each other based on physical characteristics. Type I males are eight times larger in body mass, and have much larger vocal organs. Type II males’ reproductive organs are seven times larger in size than those of type I males. Female and type II male midshipman fish can be distinguished from each other by the female's slightly larger size, and the type II male midshipman's large reproductive organs.
Species
Extant species
There are currently 14 recognized extant species in this genus:Porichthys analis C. L. Hubbs & L. P. Schultz, 1939 Porichthys bathoiketes C. R. Gilbert, 1968Porichthys ephippiatus H. J. Walker & Rosenblatt, 1988 Porichthys greenei C. H. Gilbert & Starks, 1904 Porichthys kymosemeum C. R. Gilbert, 1968Porichthys margaritatus Porichthys mimeticus H. J. Walker & Rosenblatt, 1988 Porichthys myriaster C. L. Hubbs & L. P. Schultz, 1939 Porichthys notatus Girard, 1854 Porichthys oculellus H. J. Walker & Rosenblatt, 1988 Porichthys oculofrenum C. R. Gilbert, 1968Porichthys pauciradiatus D. K. Caldwell & M. C. Caldwell, 1963Porichthys plectrodon D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882
Fossil species
Porichthys analis - Early Pliocene Onzole Formation, EcuadorPorichthys margaritatus - idemPorichthys pedemontanus - Tortonian Italy
Biology
Mating in midshipman fishes depends on auditory communication. Male midshipman fish produce several different vocalizations while females only make grunts in non-breeding situations.