Melita issue
The Melita issue is a series of dual-purpose postage and revenue stamps issued by the Crown Colony of Malta between 1922 and 1926, depicting the national personification Melita. They were commemorative stamps since they celebrated the islands' new status as a self-governing colony following a new constitution in 1921, but also a definitive issue intended for regular use over an extended period of time.
Designed by two leading Maltese artists, Edward Caruana Dingli and Gianni Vella, the issue consisted of stamps in various denominations from ¼d to £1; Caruana Dingli's designs were used on the pence and pound values and Vella's design on the shilling values. The designs were poorly received when they were issued, and Caruana Dingli himself criticized the execution of the design. In subsequent years, however, Caruana Dingli's design came to be regarded as one of the most iconic Malta stamps, and his design for the figure of Melita formed the basis of the Maltese lira banknotes of 1989–2008 and gold and silver bullion coins minted since 2018.
Background
The oldest known depiction of a personification of Malta dates back to 1481. The figure of Melita seems to have developed from allegorical representations of the Order of St John, which ruled Malta between 1530 and 1798.Melita first appeared on stamps in 1899. A 2s/6d olive-grey stamp depicted her holding a sword and a shield, the latter emblazoned with the Maltese cross. In the background were the flags of Malta and of the Order. This stamp was reissued with a different watermark in 1919, and remained in use until it was replaced by the 1922 Melita issue. Special printings of the 1899 design, sometimes in new colours or watermarks, were also issued with overprints for revenue purposes between 1902 and 1908.
In 1921, the Crown Colony of Malta was granted a limited form of self-government according to the Amery-Milner Constitution. This divided control of Malta between two governments: the Maltese Government and the Maltese Imperial Government. The former included a bicameral legislature with a Senate and Legislative Assembly, while the Imperial Government was led by the Governor of Malta, a British colonial official who retained direct responsibility of certain reserved matters such as defence and maintaining public order.
On 17 June 1921, a competition was announced calling for the design of a set of stamps to commemorate Malta's partial independence. The stamps were therefore to be commemoratives, but they were also intended as definitives for regular use over an extended period of time.
The Maltese wanted to issue the new stamps by the time the new parliament was inaugurated on 1 November 1921. There was not enough time for the stamps to be produced and delivered within that timeframe, however, since the printers De La Rue had to deal with a large workload, causing delays. The Malta Post Office therefore decided to overprint the then-current definitives with the words "SELF-GOVERNMENT" diagonally to commemorate the new constitution. The overprinting was carried out by the Government Printing Office in the capital Valletta, and the stamps were released between 12 January and 29 April 1922.
Design
Two designs were chosen from the competition, one by Edward Caruana Dingli and one by Gianni Vella. Caruana Dingli's design won first prize and it was used for ten denominations: the pence values ranging from ¼d to 6d, and also the highest value of the set, the £1. Vella's design was used for the five shilling values ranging from 1/- to 10/-.Caruana Dingli's design depicts Melita as a robed and helmeted figure holding a rudder, representing Malta as being in control of her own destiny. The background contains a seascape, with the lighthouse near Fort Saint Elmo and a Gozo boat visible. Shields depicting the Union Jack and a colonial badge representing Malta are located at the bottom of the design.
Vella's design contains two figures representing Malta and the United Kingdom, Melita and Britannia. Melita holds an olive branch in her hand, and embraces Britannia by lifting her hand around Britannia's neck. Britannia wears a helmet and holds a shield with the Union Jack. The figure representing the United Kingdom is sometimes interpreted as being a male figure, but was intended as female, with the design representing Malta and Britain as sisters or mother and daughter. This represented the care and protection that Britain offered Malta, and symbolized friendly relations between them. This design also contains the Roman numerals MCMXXI to the left of the figures. The Maltese emblem is located at the lower left corner, while many small Maltese crosses frame the design.
File:Malta 1922 Melita 1d orange & purple postally and fiscally used.jpg|thumb|300px|Examples of the 1d orange and purple postally used and fiscally used
Both designs contain the inscription "POSTAGE REVENUE", indicating that they were valid for use as both postage stamps and revenue stamps. They can therefore be found both postally and fiscally used.
Technical details
The stamps of the Melita issue were printed by De La Rue using typography, with the exception of the £1 top value which was recess-printed. The typographed stamps were printed on chalk-surfaced paper. Each stamp was printed in two operations, with a key plate and a duty plate. In most cases each plate was printed in a different colour, but for some of the low values both plates were printed in the same colour.The watermark used on the stamps is known as Multiple Script CA, since it consists of the letters "CA" in a script typeface, beneath a representation of the Tudor crown, arranged multiple times next to each other. The watermark was sideways for the pence values and upright for the shilling values. The £1 was initially printed with a sideways watermark but in 1925 it was also issued with an upright watermark.
The pence values were printed in sheets of 160 stamps, the shilling values were printed in sheets of 80 and the £1 value was printed in sheets of 40. The stamps were perforated with gauge 14.2 by 14 comb perforations.
A number of die proofs and plate proofs of stamps from the Melita issue exist. Die proofs are individual prints from the stamps' original dies made at various stages of production, and are impressions of either the key die or the duty die of each value, or composite die proofs of both dies together. Plate proofs, which are test printings made from the stamps' printings plates, exist of the ¼d, ½d, 1d, 3d and £1 values in unissued colours. A wide range of versions of these exist, either perforated or imperforate, on unwatermarked or watermarked paper, and with or without a specimen overprint. Specimens of all the stamps in the issued colours also exist, except for the reprints made in slightly different shades, the 1925 2½d on 3d surcharge, and the 1926 postage overprints.
Issued stamps
The first Melita stamps were issued on 1 August 1922, with the denominations of ½d, 1d, 6d, 1/- and 2/-. A ¼d value was issued on 22 August, followed by 2d, 3d, 4d, 2/6, 5/-, 10/- and £1 values on 28 August. A 1½d value was added on 1 October 1923. On 25 April 1924, the 1d value was reissued in a new colour while the ¼d and 3d were reissued in slightly different shades. The £1 was reissued in a slightly different shade and with a different orientation of the watermark on 14 May 1925.A requirement for a 2½d value arose in 1925 when the foreign-letter rate was reduced; stocks of the 3d were overprinted "Two pence halfpenny" by the Government Printing Office and were issued on 3 December 1925. A 2½d value and the 3d in a new colour were subsequently issued on 16 February 1926.
Some stamps exist with an inverted watermark, and flaws are known on the 1d and 3d values.
1926 Postage overprints
Due to a change in procedure, dual-purpose postage-and-revenue stamps were discontinued in 1926 and replaced by separate issues of postage stamps and revenue stamps, so it was decided to overprint the stamps of the Melita issue with the word "POSTAGE". The forme of the overprint was prepared by John Muscat Fenech and Carmelo Cacopardo, and the overprinting was hastily carried out by the Government Printing Office on a Warfedale printing press in the last week of March 1926. The ink used in the overprinting was a special mix made at the Office of Public Health. The overprinting was applied to all the stamps from ¼d to 10/-, except those which had been earlier replaced by new colours, and the stamps were issued on 1 April 1926. The overprint was reportedly also applied to a small quantity of the £1 stamp, but these were never issued and a decision was made to destroy the stock. The issued overprints were on sale for only about a week, and a new series of stamps bearing the "POSTAGE" inscription was issued only five days later on 6 April.Some stamps with errors were detected during the printing, and these were kept by the Acting Postmaster General before being burnt at the Power Station. Despite this, some stamps with errors still ended up in circulation, including the 3d value with the overprint inverted, and various denominations with the overprints misplaced to varying degrees, the most notable being a variety of the 4d in which the overprint reads "AGE POST".
3d with inverted overprint
The 3d black on yellow is known with the overprint inverted, and it is one of Malta's best-known error stamps. It is believed that only two sheets of the error were printed, and they were allegedly acquired on the first day of issue by politician Alfredo Caruana Gatto, then a Senator and a former Minister for Justice. The exact circumstances of their issue remain unclear, and it is not known whether they were acquired over the Post Office counter or not. Caruana Gatto is said to have immediately sold the two sheets to the speculators Carol Saliba and Pio Grech, and the sheets were eventually broken down and sold to stamp dealers and collectors. A small amount of the error stamps were used on mail by philatelists, but the vast majority were retained in mint condition.In 1930, uncertainty about the stamp's issue formed the basis of a political campaign by the Constitutional Party against the Nationalist Party which became known as the "Postage Stamps Scandal". The matter was brought up in the Legislative Assembly on 31 March 1930 when Constitutional Party member Alfred Gera De Petri asked Robert Hamilton, the Minister for Posts, about the circumstances of the stamp's issue. A committee was later appointed to investigate the matter, and it included Gerald Strickland, Hamilton, Walter Salomone, Paul Boffa and Ugo Pasquale Mifsud.
The committee members belonging to the Constitutional Party produced a report in which they stated that there was no evidence that the error was ever sold at a Post Office or that Caruana Gatto had sold the stamps. They concluded that the inverted overprint was applied at the Government Printing Office without authorisation to sheets of genuine stamps which were not part of the Post Office stock, meaning that the overprints were forged. Boffa mentioned that the overprinting might have even been done outside the Government Printing Office, while Mifsud only agreed with the conclusion that there was no evidence of Caruana Gatto's involvement in the matter. There were gaps in the evidence collected by the committee, and it did not produce any arguments which countered various opinions that the overprints were the result of a genuine mistake, making its findings inconclusive. The committee's report was criticized in the press due to these shortcomings.
Philatelists regard the inverted overprint as a genuine error, even though its exact origins remain unknown. As of 2015, the stamp is priced at £170 mint and £500 used in the Stanley Gibbons catalogue.