Golfer's elbow
Golfer's elbow, or medial epicondylitis, is tendinosis of the medial common flexor tendon on the inside of the elbow. It is similar to tennis elbow, which affects the outside of the elbow at the lateral epicondyle. The tendinopathy results from overload or repetitive use of the arm, causing an injury similar to ulnar collateral ligament injury of the elbow in "pitcher's elbow".
Description
The anterior-medial forearm contains several muscles that flex the wrist and pronate the forearm. These muscles have a common tendinous attachment at the medial epicondyle of the humerus at the elbow joint.The flexor and pronator muscles of the forearm include the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor digitorum superficialis, all of which originate on the medial epicondyle and are innervated by the median nerve. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle also inserts on the medial epicondyle and is innervated by the ulnar nerve. Together, these five muscles have a common attachment on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The flexor tendon is approximately long, crosses the medial aspect of the elbow, and runs parallel to the ulnar collateral ligament.
The injury is not acute inflammation, but rather is a chronic disorder resulting from overuse of a repetitive arm motion. Repetitive activity leads to recurrent microtears within the flexor tendon, with remodeling of the collagen fibers and an increase in the amount of mucoid ground substance. As a result, scar tissue formation and thickening of the tendon lead to reduced collagen strength and pain with repetitive use.
Causes
The condition is referred to as golfer's elbow when a full golf swing causes elbow pain. It may also be called pitcher's elbow due to the same tendon being stressed by repetitive throwing of objects, such as a baseball or football.Golfer's elbow appears to occur from repetitive full swings during the period from the top of the backswing to just before ball impact. The full swing motion causes high energy valgus forces during the late cocking and acceleration phase.
It is unknown whether this condition is any more common in labor-related occupations with forceful repetitive activities than it is in the general public.
In adults, the pathophysiology may involve mucoid degeneration.
Diagnosis
Medial epicondylitis is diagnosed based on characteristic pain with activities using strength in wrist flexion and confirmed on examination with discrete point tenderness over the common flexor origin at the medial epicondyle, and pain with resisted wrist flexion and passive wrist extension.Imaging may be employed, although radiography might show calcifications in the muscle origin. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can identify the mucoid degeneration, but are not necessary for diagnosis.
Occurrence
Medial injury of the flexor tendon is estimated to occur in 0.4% of the population. It occurs most often in people ages 45 to 64, is more common in women than in men, and with 75% of cases in the dominant arm.Risk factors for developing golfer's elbow include improper technique or lack of strength, endurance, or flexibility. Risk factors in people performing manual labor include heavy and excessive repetition, high body mass index, the presence of comorbidities, and high work demands.
Treatment
Non-specific treatments include:- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs : ibuprofen, naproxen or aspirin
- Heat or ice
- A counterforce brace or "elbow strap" to reduce strain at the elbow epicondyle, to limit pain provocation and to protect against further damage.
Simple analgesic medication has a place, as does more specific treatment with oral anti-inflammatory medications. These will help control pain and any inflammation. A more invasive treatment is the injection into and around the inflamed and tender area of a glucocorticoid agent.