Fon language


Fon, also known as Dahomean or Beninese, is the language of the Fon people. It belongs to the Gbe group within the larger Atlantic–Congo family. It is primarily spoken in Benin, as well as in Nigeria and Togo by approximately 2.3 million speakers. Like the other Gbe languages, Fon is an isolating language with a SVO basic word order.

Cultural and legal status

In Benin, French is the official language, and Fon and other indigenous languages, including Yom and Yoruba, are classified as national languages.

Dialects

The standardized Fon language is part of the Fon cluster of languages inside the Eastern Gbe languages. Hounkpati B Christophe Capo groups Agbome, Kpase, Gun, Maxi and Weme in the Fon dialect cluster, although other clusterings are suggested. Standard Fon is the primary target of language planning efforts in Benin, although separate efforts exist for Gun, Gen, and other languages of the country.

Phonology

Vowels

Fon has seven oral vowel phonemes and five nasal vowel phonemes.

Consonants

occurs in only linguistic mimesis and loanwords but is often replaced by in the latter, as in cɔ́fù 'shop'. Several of the voiced occlusives occur before only oral vowels, and the homorganic nasal stops occur before only nasal vowels, which indicates that and are allophones. is in free variation with and so Fong can be argued to have no phonemic nasal consonants, a pattern rather common in West Africa. is nasalized before nasal vowels, and may assimilate to before. is sometimes also nasalized.
The only consonant clusters in Fon have or as the second consonant. After alveolars, is optionally realized as : klɔ́ 'to wash', wlí 'to catch', jlò 'to want'.

Tone

Fon has two phonemic tones: high and low. High is realized as rising after a voiced consonant. Basic disyllabic words have all four possibilities: high–high, high–low, low–high, and low–low.
In longer phonological words, such as verb and noun phrases, a high tone tends to persist until the final syllable, which, if it has a phonemic low tone, becomes falling. Low tones disappear between high tones, but their effect remains as a downstep. Rising tones simplify to high after high and to low before high.
In Ouidah, a rising or falling tone is realized as a mid tone. For example, mǐ 'we, you', phonemically high-tone but phonetically rising because of the voiced consonant, is generally mid-tone in Ouidah.

Orthographies

Roman alphabet

The Fon alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letters Ɖ/ɖ, Ɛ/ɛ, and Ɔ/ɔ, and the digraphs gb, hw, kp, ny, and xw.
MajusculeABCDƉEƐFGGBHHWIJKKPLMNNYOƆPRSTUVWXXWYZ
Minusculeabcdɖeɛfggbhhwijkkplmnnyoɔprstuvwxxwyz
Sound

Tone marking

are marked as follows:
Tones are fully marked in reference books, but not always marked in other writing. The tone marking is phonemic, and the actual pronunciation may be different according to the syllable's environment.

Gbékoun script

Speakers in Benin also use a distinct script called Gbékoun that was invented by Togbédji Adigbè.
It has 24 consonants and 9 vowels, as it is intended to transcribe all the languages of Benin.

Sample text

From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Use

Radio programs in Fon are broadcast on ORTB channels.
Television programs in Fon are shown on the La Beninoise satellite TV channel.
French used to be the only language of education in Benin, but in the second decade of the twenty-first century, the government is experimenting with teaching some subjects in Benin schools in the country's local languages, among them Fon.

Machine translation efforts

There is an effort to create a machine translator for Fon, by Bonaventure Dossou and Chris Emezue. Their project is called FFR. It uses phrases from Jehovah's Witnesses sermons as well as other biblical phrases as the research corpus to train a Natural Language Processing neural net model.