Maternus Cynegius
Maternus Cynegius was a Roman bureaucrat and close confidant of the emperor Theodosius I. He held the offices of praetorian prefect of the East and consul, and has been widely blamed by historians for instigating the widespread destruction of pagan temples and shrines throughout the eastern Roman provinces. Some recent authors, however, have questioned his role in events and his overall reputation as a Christian fanatic and temple destroyer.
Biography
Maternus Cynegius is usually thought to be a native of Hispania, deduced from the fact that his body was sent there to be buried. He also seems to have belonged to the extended circle of relatives and intimates of the emperor Theodosius I, who was likewise a Spaniard. All of Cynegius's recorded career shows him holding the highest court rank and offices under that emperor, which has led scholars to deduce that his connection to Theodosius earned him a quick promotion to these honors. On the other hand, a dedicatory inscription records that Cynegius held all grades of honors in the civil hierarchy, which led historian McLynn to infer that he had some experience under previous emperors, and that it was this which recommended him to Theodosius.Cynegius is first securely attested in the spring of 383 serving as Theodosius's treasurer. Within a few months, he was appointed to the office of quaestor sacri palatii and, shortly afterwards, praetorian prefect of the East, with the task of replenishing the undermanned municipal councils of the eastern provinces, as well as, according to the 6th-century historian Zosimus, closing pagan temples and suppressing worship of the gods therein. Cynegius's ensuing tour of the east brought him to Egypt, probably in late 386, where he announced at Alexandria that Theodosius had recognized the military usurper Maximus as a legitimate emperor. Rewarded by his services with the consulship in 388, Cynegius died early in the same year, either at Constantinople or on the return journey there from Egypt. He was interred at the Church of the Holy Apostles on 19 March 388, but his widow, named Achantia, sent his body to Hispania a year later.
Known administrative measures which Cynegius helped implement while in office include laws aimed at filling vacant seats in city councils and punishing the neglection of curial duties by local officials, as well as the building of city walls and other public works at Antioch. He is also the nominal addressee, and thus probable instigator, of a decree that renewed a prohibition on the pagan practice of haruspicy, as well as several laws against heretics and Jews. Those in the latter group, in particular, have been said to display a conspicuous 'anti-Jewish tendency contrary to Theodosius's usual policy'.
Cynegius has been identified with the high official who received the Missorium of Theodosius I and was probably depicted on it. A country house found by archaeologists near Carranque in Spain has been attributed to Cynegius.
Anti-pagan activities and reputation
Maternus Cynegius has received widespread attention and notoriety in scholarship due to evidence that he instigated numerous acts of vandalism against pagan shrines throughout the east. The evidence from ancient sources is listed as follows.- The 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, a pagan, blames Cynegius for the systematic closure of temples and suppression of traditional rituals throughout the east while en route to, and then in, Egypt. A similar story is told by the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a Latin-language almanac issued at Constantinople.
- The Antiochene rhetor Libanius, a pagan and contemporary of events, reports a series of outrages committed against pagan shrines in Syria during Cynegius's term of office, and specifically denounces an unnamed official who, at his wife's instigation, destroyed a temple in Osroene without the emperor's permission.
- The 5th-century ecclesiastical historian Theodoret reports an unidentified eastern governor's attempt to demolish a temple of Zeus at Apameia, Syria, with the aid of the local bishop, Marcellus.
In 2005, Neil McLynn cast doubt on Cynegius's reputation as a destroyer of temples, arguing that the accounts of Zosimus, Libanius and Theodoret are too disparate or unreliable for them to be securely conflated into a single narrative. McLynn takes Theodoret's anecdote to be highly rhetorical and unreliable, and also believes that Libanius's narrative is inconsistent with the zealot official, who is never explicitly named, being Cynegius or any other of such high rank. Furthermore, whereas Libanius has his unnamed subject destroy shrines throughout Syria, Zosimus reports that Cynegius merely closed temples, and that his actions climaxed instead at Alexandria, Egypt. McLynn gives reasons to believe that Zosimus's account, along with the similar notice in the Latin almanac titled Consularia Constantinopolitana, overstate Cynegius's role, which in the end may have been very minor or even symbolic. McLynn's conclusions have been endorsed or at least positively acknowledged by a number of scholars.