Mastadenovirus


Mastadenovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Adenoviridae. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 63 species in this genus. The genus as a whole includes many very common causes of human infection, estimated to be responsible for 2 to 5% of all respiratory infections, as well as gastrointestinal and eye infections. Symptoms are usually mild.
Canine adenovirus 1 can lead to death in puppies, or encephalitis in other carnivore species.

Etymology

The name Mastadenovirus is derived from the Greek word mastos 'breast' and adenovirus, named for the human adenoids, which the virus was first isolated from.

Structure

Viruses in Mastadenovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=25 symmetry. The diameter is around 90 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 35-36kb in length. The genome codes for 40 proteins.
GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
MastadenovirusPolyhedralPseudo T=59Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral fibers to the host CAR adhesion receptor. Subsequent binding of the penton protein to host integrin entry receptors mediates internalization into the host cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virus and fiber shedding. Some serotypes also seem to use macropinocytosis. Disruption of host endosomal membrane by lytic protein VI releases the viral capsid in the cytosol. Microtubular transport toward nucleus of the viral genome still protected by the core protein VII and a partial capsid mainly composed of hexons and protein IX. Docking at the NPC and capsid disruption. Import of the viral genome into host nucleus mediated by core protein VII. Transcription of early genes by host RNA pol II: these proteins optimize the cellular milieu for viral replication, and counteract a variety of antiviral defenses. Intermediate genes activate replication of the DNA genome by DNA strand displacement in the nucleus. Expression of L4-22K and L4-33K causes early to late switch. Transcription of late genes by host RNA pol II, mostly encoding structural proteins. Host translation shutoff performed by the viral 100K protein. Assembly of new virions in the nucleus. Virions are released by lysis of the cell. Virion maturation by the viral proteasehost receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal shunting. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown, viroporins, and lysis.
Human, mammals, and vertebrates serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and respiratory.
GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
MastadenovirusHumans; mammals-GlycoprotiensLysisNucleusNucleusUnknown

Species

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:Mastadenovirus adami, Human adenovirus 12Mastadenovirus aegyptiaci, Egyptian fruit bat adenovirusMastadenovirus alienum, Simian adenovirus 16Mastadenovirus arvicolinae, Vole adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus asiensse, Bat adenovirus Vs9Mastadenovirus blackbeardi, Human adenovirus 3Mastadenovirus bosdecimum, Bovine adenovirus 10Mastadenovirus bosprimum, Bovine adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus bostertium, Bovine adenovirus 3Mastadenovirus bovidae, Bovine adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus caesari, Human adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus canidae, Canine adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus capreoli, Roe deer adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus cardiodermatis, Heart-nosed bat adenovirusMastadenovirus caviae, Guinea pig adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus cervi, Deer adenovirus 2, also called Odocoileus adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus chalinolobi, Gould's wattled bat adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus chlorocebi, Simian adenovirus 18Mastadenovirus cordis, Murine adenovirus 3Mastadenovirus cynocephali, Simian adenovirus 19Mastadenovirus delphini, Bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus delphinidae, Bottlenose dolphin adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus desmodi, Vampire bat adenovirusMastadenovirus dipodomysis, Kangaroo rat adenovirusMastadenovirus dominans, Human adenovirus 9Mastadenovirus eidoli, Straw-colored fruit bat adenovirusMastadenovirus encephalomyelitidis, Murine adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus equi, Equine adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus equidae, Equine adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus exoticum, Human adenovirus 4Mastadenovirus faecale, Human adenovirus 40Mastadenovirus flavi, Simian adenovirus 55Mastadenovirus fructus, Leschenault's rousette adenovirusMastadenovirus humile, Bat adenovirus 8Mastadenovirus lamiae, Lemur adenovirusMastadenovirus longumcaudae, Simian adenovirus 49Mastadenovirus macacae, Simian adenovirus 13Mastadenovirus magnauris, Bat adenovirus 11Mastadenovirus marmotae, Marmot adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus miniopteridae, Bat adenovirus 7Mastadenovirus muris, Murine adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus musauriti, Bat adenovirus 3Mastadenovirus otariidae, California sea lion adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus ovisoctavum, Ovine adenovirus 8Mastadenovirus ovisprimum, Ovine adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus phocoenae, Harbour porpoise adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus pipistrelli, Bat adenovirus 2Mastadenovirus porcusquartum, Porcine adenovirus 4Mastadenovirus porcusquintum, Porcine adenovirus 5Mastadenovirus porcustertium, Porcine adenovirus 3Mastadenovirus pteropodidae, Bat adenovirus 9Mastadenovirus rhesi, Simian adenovirus 54Mastadenovirus rhinolopidae, Bat adenovirus 4Mastadenovirus russelli, Simian adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus sciuri, Red squirrel adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus simiae, Simian adenovirus 3Mastadenovirus simiavigesimum, Simian adenovirus 20Mastadenovirus simuli, Titi monkey adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus tarandri, Reindeer adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus trianonense, Skunk adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus tupaiae, Tree shrew adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus ursi, Polar bear adenovirus 1Mastadenovirus vespertilionis, Bat adenovirus 33390