Maronesa
The Maronesa is a traditional Portuguese list of [cattle breeds|breed] of mountain cattle. Its name derives from that of the Serra do Marão, which lies in the Trás-os-Montes and Douro Litoral regions in the northern part of the country. Its primary use is for draught power.
History
The origin of the Maronesa is not clear and remains controversial. Historical evidence suggests that it derives from cross-breeding of the Barrosã and Mirandesa breeds, and it was considered a cross-breed until about 1835, when it was acknowledged to be a separate breed. Support for descent from Barrosã and Mirandesa comes from a 1993 study regarding the frequency of the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation in the three breeds, where the value for the Maronesa is intermediate between that for the Barrosã and that for the Mirandesa.A study published in 1998 found it to have a substantial genetic distance from the Barrosã, the Mirandesa, and all other breeds of northern Portugal and Galicia, micro-satellite analysis of Portuguese breeds in 2004 grouped it most closely with the Barrosã.
The Maronesa was formerly numerous in the provinces of Douro, Minho and Trás-os-Montes, and particularly in the Serra do Alvão, the, and the Serra do Marão. There is no census data from before 1940, when just over head were counted; in 1955 there were animals registered, and in 1972 there were. Numbers later dropped.
A breeders' association was formed by fourteen breeders in 1988, and a breed register was started in the same year. By 1996 the number of farmers rearing the breed had risen to almost. In 2008, the breed was officially approved by the Direção Geral de Veterinária, and the breed register became a genealogical herd-book.
In 2007, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations listed the conservation status of the Maronesa as "not at risk". At the end of 2016 there were breeding cows registered in the herd-book; the total population was estimated at, and in 2023 there were adult cows and 158 bulls in the hands of 810 breeders Threats to the Maronesa include the falling number of keepers of the breed, their increasing mean age, and changes in the tax regulations.
Characteristics
The Maronesa is traditional rustic cattle breed. It shows morphological similarity to the Portuguese fighting bull, the Brava de Lide, with marked sexual dimorphism: mature bulls are larger than cows, have a more heavily muscled neck, and tend to show more development in the foreparts compared with the rectangular body outline of cows and bullocks.The usual colour is black with a chestnut dorsal stripe, but many cows are chestnut-brown. There is a pale ring round the muzzle; the muzzle and mucosa are black. The head is broad and short, and the profile straight. The horns extend horizontally from the skull, then point forwards and downwards so that they are almost parallel to the facial profile. The dewlap is well developed. In cows, the udder is covered in fine hair.