MESM

MESM was the first universally programmable electronic computer in the Soviet Union. By some authors, it was also depicted as the first one in continental Europe, even though the electromechanical computers Zuse Z4 and the Swedish BARK preceded it.

Overview

MESM was created by a team of scientists under the direction of Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev from the Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology in the Ukrainian SSR, at Feofaniya.
Initially, MESM was conceived as a layout or model of a Large Electronic Calculating Machine and letter "M" in the title meant "model".
Work on the machine was research in nature, in order to experimentally test the principles of constructing universal digital computers. After the first successes and in order to meet the extensive governmental needs of computer technology, it was decided to complete the layout of a full-fledged machine capable of "solving real problems". MESM became operational in 1950. It had about 6,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 25 kW of power. It could perform approximately 3,000 operations per minute.

Creation and operation history

Principal computer architecture scheme was ready by the end of 1949. As well as a few schematic diagrams of an individual blocks.
In 1950 the computer was mounted in a two-story building of the former hostel of a convent in Feofania, where a psychiatric hospital was located before the Second World War.
November 6, 1950: team performed the first test launch. Test task was:
January 4, 1951: First useful calculations performed. Calculate the factorial of a number, raise a number in a power. The computer was shown to a special commission of the USSR State Academy of Sciences. The team was led by Mstislav Keldysh.
December 25, 1951: Official government testing passed successfully. USSR Academy of Sciences and Mstislav Keldysh began regular operation of the MESM.
It was operated until 1957, and then transferred to Kyiv Polytechnic Institute for training purposes
1959: MESM dismantled. Boris Malinovsky recalled:
* “Computer was split into pieces, which were used to build series of stands, after all all of them was thrown away.”

Many of the electron tubes and other components left from MESM are stored in the Foundation for the History and Development of Computer Science and Technology in the Kiev House of Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

System specification

Arithmetic Logic Unit
* universal
* parallel action
* flip-flop based
Number representation
* binary
* fixed points 16-n bits per number plus with one sign bit
Instructions
* 20 binary bits per command
** The first 4 bits - operation code
** The next 5 bits - first operand address another 5 it the second operand address
** The last 6 bits - operation result address
** Following instruction types supported
*** addition
*** add with carry
*** subtraction
*** multiplication
*** division
*** binary shifts
*** comparison taking into account mark
*** absolute value comparison
*** transfer of control
*** magnetic drum read
*** stop
RAM
* Flip-flop based
* Data and code separated
** 31 machine words for data
** 63 machine words for code
ROM
* 31 machine words for data
* 63 machine words for code
Clock rate
* 5 kHz
Performance
* About 3000 operations per minute

The computer was built using 6000 vacuum tubes, where about 3500 were triodes and 2500 were diodes. The system occupied 60 m² of space and used about 25 kW of power.
Data was read from punched cards or typed using a plug switch. It could additionally use a magnetic drum that stored up to 5000 codes of numbers or commands.
An electromechanical printer or photo device was used for output.