Lupinus

Lupinus, commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet, is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centres of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centres occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas. For instance, lupine has become an ecological problem in Iceland since the beginning of the 21st century.

Description

The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to tall. An exception is the chamis de monte of Oaxaca in Mexico, which is a tree up to tall.
Lupins have soft green to grey-green leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf blades are usually palmately divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States and eastern South America.
The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral wings, and two lower petals fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired common names such as bluebonnets and quaker bonnets.
The fruit is a pod containing several seeds. The seeds contain alkaloids which lend them a bitter taste.
Extrafloral nectaries have been found on a species in Arizona.

Taxonomy

The genus Lupinus L. and, in particular, its North American species were divided by Sereno Watson into three sections: Lupinus, Platycarpos, and Lupinnelus. Differences in habitat and in the number of ovules were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and annual species from the American continent described by Watson were referred to Lupinus. Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and two seeds in the pod were attributed to the Platycarpos section. Section Lupinnelus consisted of one species, with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also with two ovules in the ovary.
While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner extended his principle of classification to cover all lupins from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, also using number of ovules in the ovary as the criterion for this division. They described two subgenera, Eulupinus and Platycarpos. Most of the described species were referred to subgen. A. Eulupinus. Subgen. B. Platycarpos included several annual species from the Eastern Hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean.
A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of Platycarpos and Lupinus. In this schema, subgenus Platycarpos Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus Lupinus consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds.
The taxonomy of Lupinus has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species. Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500. One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide. Currently, two subgenera are recognized.

Subgenus ''Platycarpos''

The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with waxen coating. Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight pubescence, predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. Chromosome number 2n is either 36, 48, or 96. This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated. This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity.
It comprises the following species:

Lupinus aberrans C.P. Sm.
Lupinus abramsii C.P. Sm. – Abrams' lupine
Lupinus acopalcus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus adinoanthus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus adsurgens Drew – Drew's silky lupine
Lupinus affinis J. Agardh – fleshy lupine
Lupinus agardhianus A. Heller
Lupinus alaristatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus albert-smithianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus albescens Hook. & Arn. – hoary lupine
Lupinus albicaulis Douglas – sickle-keel lupine
Lupinus albifrons Benth. – silver bush lupine
* var. albifrons Benth.
* var. douglasii C. P. Sm.
* var. hallii Isely
Lupinus albopilosus A. Heller
Lupinus albosericeus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alcis-montis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus aliamandus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus aliattenuatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alibicolor C.P. Sm.
Lupinus aliceae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alilatissimus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alinanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alipatulus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alirevolutus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alivillosus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus allargyreius C.P. Sm.
Lupinus alopecuroides Desr.
Lupinus alpestris A. Nelson
Lupinus altimontanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus altiplani C.P. Sm.
Lupinus amabayensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus amandus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus amboensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ammophilus Greene
* var. ammophilus Greene
* var. crassus Isely
Lupinus amnis-otuni C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ampaiensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus amphibius Suksd.
Lupinus ananeanus Ulbr.
Lupinus anatolicus W. Święcicki & W. K. Święcicki
Lupinus andersonii S. Watson – Anderson's lupine
Lupinus andicola Gillies
Lupinus andinus Rose ex J. F. Macbr.
Lupinus angustiflorus Eastw. – narrowflower lupine
Lupinus antensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus antiplani C. P. Sm.
Lupinus antoninus Eastw. – Anthony Peak lupine
Lupinus apertus A. Heller
Lupinus appositus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus arboreus Sims – yellow bush lupin, tree lupine
Lupinus arbustus Lindl. – longspur lupine
* subsp. arbustus Lindl.
* subsp. neolaxiflorus D.B.Dunn
* subsp. pseudoparviflorus D.B.Dunn
Lupinus arbutosocius C.P. Sm.
Lupinus archeranus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus arcticus S. Watson – Arctic lupine
* subsp. arcticus S. Watson
* subsp. subalpinus D.B.Dunn
Lupinus arenarius Gardner
Lupinus arequipensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus argenteus Pursh – silvery lupine
* var. argentatus Barneby
* var. argenteus Pursh
* var. argophyllus S. Watson
* var. depressus C. L. Hitchc.
* var. fulvomaculatus Barneby
* var. heteranthus Barneby – Kellogg's spurred lupine
* var. hillii Barneby
* var. holosericeus Barneby
* var. montigenus Barneby
* var. palmeri Barneby
* var. rubricaulis S. L. Welsh
* var. utahensis Barneby
Lupinus argurocalyx C.P. Sm.
Lupinus aridorum McFarlin ex Beckner – scrub lupine
Lupinus aridulus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus aridus Lindl.
Lupinus ariste-josephii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus arizelus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus arizonicus S. Watson
* subsp. arizonicus S. Watson – Arizona lupine
* subsp. sonorensis Christian & D. Dunn – Sonora lupine
Lupinus arvensi-plasketti C.P. Sm.
Lupinus arvensis Benth.
Lupinus asa-grayanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus aschenbornii S. Schauer
Lupinus asplundianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus asymbepus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus atropurpureus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus attenuatus Gardner
Lupinus aureonitens Hook. & Arn.
Lupinus austrobicolor C.P. Sm.
Lupinus austrohumifusus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus austrorientalis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus austrosericeus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ballianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus bandelierae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus bangii Rusby
Lupinus barbatilabius C.P. Sm.
Lupinus barkeri Lindl.
Lupinus bartlettianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus benthamii A. Heller
Lupinus bi-inclinatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus bicolor Lindl. – miniature lupine, bicolor lupine, Lindley's annual lupine
* subsp. bicolor Lindl.
* subsp. microphyllus D. B. Dunn
* subsp. pipersmithii D. B. Dunn
* subsp. umbellatus D. B. Dunn
Lupinus bingenensis Suksd. – Bingen lupine
Lupinus blaisdellii Eastw.
Lupinus bogotensis Benth.
Lupinus bolivianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus bombycinocarpus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus bonplandius C.P. Sm.
Lupinus boyacensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus brachypremnon C.P. Sm.
Lupinus bracteolaris Desr.
Lupinus brandegeei Eastw.
Lupinus brevecuneus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus brevicaulis S. Watson – shortstem lupine
Lupinus brevior Christian & D.B. Dunn
Lupinus breviscapus Ulbr.
Lupinus breweri A. Gray – Brewer's lupine
Lupinus bryoides C.P. Sm.
Lupinus buchtienii Rusby
Lupinus burkartianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus burkei S. Watson – Burke's lupine
Lupinus burkeri Lindl.
Lupinus caballoanus B.L. Turner
Lupinus cachupatensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cacuminis Standl.
Lupinus caeruleus A. Heller
Lupinus caesius Eastw.
Lupinus caespitosus Torr. & A. Gray – stemless dwarf lupine
Lupinus calcensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus caldasensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus camiloanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus campestris Schltdl. & Cham.
Lupinus carazensis Ulbr.
Lupinus carchiensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cardenasianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus carhuamayus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus carlos-ochoae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus carpapaticus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus carrikeri C.P. Sm.
Lupinus caucensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cavicaulis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ccorilazensis Vargas ex C. P. Smith
Lupinus celsimontanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cervinus Kellogg – Santa Lucia lupine
Lupinus cesar-vargasii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cesaranus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chachas C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chamissonis Eschsch. – Chamisso bush lupine
Lupinus chavanillensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chipaquensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chlorolepis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chocontensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chongos-bajous C.P. Sm.
Lupinus christinae A. Heller
Lupinus chrysanthus Ulbr.
Lupinus chrysocalyx C.P. Sm.
Lupinus chumbivilcensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus citrinus Kellogg – orange lupine
Lupinus clarkei Oerst.
Lupinus cochapatensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus colcabambensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus collinus A. Heller
Lupinus colombiensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus compactiflorus Rose
Lupinus comptus Benth.
Lupinus concinnus J. Agardh
* subsp. concinnus J. Agardh
* subsp. orcuttii D.B.Dunn
Lupinus condensiflorus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus confertus Kellogg
Lupinus congdonii D.B. Dunn
Lupinus conicus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus constancei T.W. Nelson & J.P. Nelson – Lassics lupine
Lupinus convencionensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cookianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus coriaceus Benth.
Lupinus costaricensis D.B. Dunn
Lupinus cotopaxiensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus couthouyanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus covillei Greene – shaggy lupine
Lupinus crassulus Greene
Lupinus crassus Payson
Lupinus croceus Eastw. – saffron-flowered lupine
Lupinus crotalarioides Benth.
Lupinus crucis-viridis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cuatrecasasii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus culbertsonii Greene
* subsp. culbertsonii Greene
* subsp. hypolasius B.J.Cox
Lupinus cumulicola Small
Lupinus cusickii S. Watson
* subsp. abortivus B.J.Cox
* subsp. brachypodus B.J.Cox
* subsp. cusickii S. Watson
Lupinus cuspidatus Rusby
Lupinus cuzcensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus cymboides C.P. Sm.
Lupinus czermakii Briq. & Hochr.
Lupinus dalesiae Eastw. – Quincy lupine
Lupinus decemplex C.P. Sm.
Lupinus decurrens Gardner
Lupinus deflexus Congdon
Lupinus delicatulus Sprague & Riley
Lupinus densiflorus Benth. – dense-flowered lupin
* subsp. densiflorus Benth.
* subsp. lacteus R.M.Beauch.
Lupinus depressus Rydb.
Lupinus diasemus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus diehlii M.E. Jones
Lupinus diffusus Nutt. – spreading lupine, Oak Ridge lupine, sky-blue lupine
Lupinus disjunctus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus diversalpicola C.P. Sm.
Lupinus dorae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus dotatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus duranii Eastw. – Mono Lake lupine
Lupinus dusenianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus eanophyllus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus edysomatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus egens C.P. Sm.
Lupinus elaphoglossum Barneby
Lupinus elatus I.M. Johnst. – tall silky lupine
Lupinus elegans Kunth – elegant lupine
Lupinus elegantulus Eastw.
Lupinus ellsworthianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus elmeri Greene – Elmer's lupine
Lupinus eramosus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus erectifolius C.P. Sm.
Lupinus eremonomus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus eriocalyx C.P. Sm.
Lupinus eriocladus Ulbr.
Lupinus evermannii Rydb.
Lupinus espinarensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus exaltatus Zucc.
Lupinus excubitus M.E. Jones – grape soda lupine
* subsp. austromontanus R.M.Beauch.
* subsp. excubitus M.E. Jones
Lupinus exochus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus expetendus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus extrarius C.P. Sm.
Lupinus falsomutabilis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus falsoprostratus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus falsorevolutus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus famelicus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus fiebrigianus Ulbr.
Lupinus fieldii J.F. Macbr.
Lupinus fissicalyx A. Heller
Lupinus flavoculatus A. Heller
Lupinus foliolosus Benth.
Lupinus formosus Greene – summer lupine
* var. bridgesii Greene
* var. formosus Greene
Lupinus fragrans A. Heller
Lupinus francis-whittieri C.P. Sm.
Lupinus fratrum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus fulcratus Greene
Lupinus gachetensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus garfieldensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus gaudichaudianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus gayanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus gentryanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus geophilus Rose
Lupinus gibertianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus giganteus Rose
Lupinus glabratus J. Agardh
Lupinus goodspeedii J.F. Macbr.
Lupinus gormanii Piper
Lupinus gracilentus Greene
Lupinus grayi S. Watson – Sierra lupine
Lupinus grauensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus grisebachianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus guadalupensis C.P. Sm. – Guadalupe Island lupine
Lupinus guaraniticus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus guascensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus guggenheimianus Rusby
Lupinus hamaticalyx C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hartmannii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hartwegii Lindl.
Lupinus haughtianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hautcarazensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus havardii S. Watson
Lupinus hazenanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hendersonii Eastw.
Lupinus heptaphyllus Hassl.
Lupinus herreranus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus herzogii Ulbr.
Lupinus hieronymii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hilarianus Benth.
Lupinus hillii Greene
Lupinus hinkleyorum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hintoniorum B.L. Turner
Lupinus hirsutissimus Benth. – stinging lupine
Lupinus holmgrenianus C.P. Sm. – Holmgren's lupine
Lupinus honoratus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus horizontalis A. Heller
Lupinus hornemanni J. Agardh
Lupinus hortonianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus hortorum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus howard-scottii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus howardii M.E. Jones
Lupinus huachucanus M.E. Jones
Lupinus huancayoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus huariacus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus huaronensis J.F. Macbr.
Lupinus huigrensis Rose ex C. P. Sm.
Lupinus humifusus Sessé & Moc. ex G. Don
Lupinus hyacinthinus C.F. Baker – San Jacinto lupine
Lupinus hybridus Lem.
Lupinus ignobilis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus imminutus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus indigoticus Eastw.
Lupinus inflatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus insignis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus insulae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus interruptus Benth.
Lupinus intortus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus inusitatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus involutus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus inyoensis A. Heller
Lupinus isabelianus Eastw.
Lupinus jahnii Rose ex Pittier
Lupinus jaimehintoniana B.L. Turner
Lupinus james-westii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus jean-julesii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus jelskianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus johannis-howellii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus jonesii Rydb.
Lupinus jujuyensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus juninensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus kalenbornorum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus kellermanianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus kerrii Eastw.
Lupinus killipianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus kingii S. Watson
Lupinus klamathensis Eastw.
Lupinus kunthii J. Agardh
Lupinus kuschei Eastw. – Yukon lupine
Lupinus lacus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus laetus Wooton & Standl.
Lupinus laevigatus Benth.
Lupinus lagunae-negrae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lanatocarpus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lanatus Benth.
Lupinus lapidicola A. Heller – Mt. Eddy lupine
Lupinus latifolius J. Agardh
* subsp. dudleyi P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
* subsp. latifolius J. Agardh
** var. latifolius J. Agardh – broadleaf lupine
** var. barbatus – Klamath lupine, bearded lupine
* subsp. leucanthus P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
* subsp. longipes P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
* subsp. parishii P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
* subsp. viridifolius P.Kenney & D.B.Dunn
Lupinus laudandrus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lechlerianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ledigianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lelandsmithii Eastw.
Lupinus lemmonii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lepidus Lindl. – prairie lupine
* var. aridus Jeps.
* var. confertus C. P. Sm.
* var. lepidus Lindl.
* var. lobbii C. L. Hitchc.
* var. sellulus Barneby
* var. utahensis C. L. Hitchc.
Lupinus leptocarpus Benth.
Lupinus leptophyllus Cham. & Schltdl.
Lupinus lespedezoides C.P. Sm.
Lupinus leucophyllus Lindl. – woolly-leaf lupine
Lupinus lilacinus A. Heller
Lupinus lindenianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lindleyanus J. Agardh
Lupinus linearis Desr.
Lupinus littoralis Lindl. – seashore lupine
Lupinus lobbianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus longifolius Abrams – longleaf bush lupine
Lupinus lorenzensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ludovicianus Greene – San Luis Obispo County Lupine
Lupinus luetzelburgianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus luteolus Kellogg – butter lupine, pale yellow lupine
Lupinus lutescens C.P. Sm.
Lupinus lutosus A. Heller
Lupinus lyallii A. Gray
* subsp. alcis-temporis B.J.Cox
* subsp. lyallii A. Gray – Lyall's lupine
* subsp. minutifolius B.J.Cox
* subsp. washoensis B.J.Cox
Lupinus macbrideanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus macranthus Rose
Lupinus maculatus Rydb.
Lupinus madrensis Seem.
Lupinus magdalenensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus magnificus M.E. Jones
Lupinus magniflorus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus magnistipulatus Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn
Lupinus malacophyllus Greene
Lupinus malacotrichus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus maleopinatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus mandonanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus mantaroensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus marinensis Eastw.
Lupinus mariposanus Eastw.
Lupinus martensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus martinetianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus mathewsianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus matucanicus Ulbr.
Lupinus meionanthus A. Gray
Lupinus melaphyllus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus menziesii J. Agardh
Lupinus meridanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus metensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus mexicanus Lag.
Lupinus michelianus C. P. Sm.
Lupinus microcarpus Sims
* var. densiflorus
* var. microcarpus – wide-bannered lupin, chick lupin
Lupinus microphyllus Desr.
Lupinus minimus Hook.
Lupinus mirabilis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus misticola Ulbr.
Lupinus mollendoensis Ulbr.
Lupinus mollis A. Heller
Lupinus monensis Eastw.
Lupinus monserratensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus montanus Kunth
* subsp. glabrior D.B.Dunn & Harmon
* subsp. montanus Kunth
* subsp. montesii D.B.Dunn & Harmon
Lupinus monticola Rydb.
Lupinus montigenus A. Heller
Lupinus moritzianus Kunth
Lupinus mucronulatus Howell
Lupinus muelleri Standl.
Lupinus multiflorus Desr.
Lupinus munzianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus munzii Eastw.
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet – Andean lupin, pearl lupin, South American lupin, tarwi, tarhui, chocho
Lupinus nanus Benth. – dwarf lupin, field lupin, sky lupin, Douglas' annual lupin
Lupinus navicularius A. Heller
Lupinus nehmadae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus neocotus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus neomexicanus Greene
Lupinus nepubescens C.P. Sm.
Lupinus nevadensis A. Heller – Nevada lupine
Lupinus niederleinianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus nipomensis Eastw. – Nipomo Mesa lupine
Lupinus niveus S. Watson
Lupinus nonoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus nootkatensis Sims – Nootka lupin
Lupinus notabilis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus nubigenus Kunth
Lupinus nubilorum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus obscurus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus obtusilobus A. Heller – bluntlobe lupine
Lupinus ochoanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ochroleucus Eastw.
Lupinus odoratus A. Heller – royal Mojave lupin
Lupinus onustus S. Watson – Plumas lupine
Lupinus opertospicus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus oquendoanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus oreganus A. Heller – Oregon lupin
Lupinus oreophilus Phil.
Lupinus ornatus Lindl.
Lupinus oscar-haughtii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ostiofluminis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus otto-buchtienii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus otto-kuntzeanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus otuzcoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ovalifolius Benth.
Lupinus pachanoanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pachitensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pachylobus Greene
Lupinus padre-crowleyi C.P. Sm. – DeDecker's lupine, Father Crowley's lupine
Lupinus pallidus Brandegee
Lupinus paniculatus Desr.
Lupinus paraguariensis Chodat & Hassl.
Lupinus paranensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus paruroensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus parviflorus Hook. & Arn. – lodgepole lupin
* subsp. myrianthus Harmon
* subsp. parviflorus Hook. & Arn.
Lupinus parvifolius Gardner
Lupinus pasachoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pasadenensis Eastw.
Lupinus patulus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus paucartambensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus paucovillosus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus paynei Davidson
Lupinus pearceanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pendentiflorus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus peirsonii H. Mason – Peirson's lupine, long lupine
Lupinus penlandianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus perblandus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus perbonus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus perennis L. – wild perennial lupine, sundial lupine, Indian beet, old maid's bonnets
* subsp. gracilis D.B.Dunn
* subsp. occidentalis S. Watson
* subsp. perennis L.
Lupinus perglaber Eastw.
Lupinus perissophytus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus persistens Rose
Lupinus peruvianus Ulbr.
Lupinus philippianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus physodes Douglas
Lupinus pickeringii A. Gray
Lupinus pilosellus Eastw.
Lupinus pilosissimus M. Martens & Galeotti
Lupinus pinguis Ulbr.
Lupinus pipersmithianus J.F. Macbr.
Lupinus pisacensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus piurensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus platamodes C.P. Sm.
Lupinus plattensis S. Watson
Lupinus platyptenus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus polycarpus Greene – smallflower lupin
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. – largeleaf lupine, bigleaf lupine, garden lupin, many-leaved lupine
* var. burkei C. L. Hitchc.
* var. humicola Barneby
* var. pallidipes C. P. Sm.
* var. polyphyllus Lindl.
* var. prunophilus L. Ll. Phillips
Lupinus poopoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus popayanensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus potosinus Rose
Lupinus praealtus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus praestabilis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus praetermissus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pratensis A.Heller – Inyo Meadow lupine
Lupinus pringlei Rose
Lupinus proculaustrinus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus prostratus J. Agardh
Lupinus protrusus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus prouvensalanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus prunophilus M.E. Jones – hairy bigleaf lupin
Lupinus pseudopolyphyllus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pseudotsugoides C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pubescens Benth.
Lupinus pucapucensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pulloviridus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pulvinaris Ulbr.
Lupinus punto-reyesensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus puracensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus purdieanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pureriae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus purosericeus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pusillus Pursh – rusty lupine or dwarf lupine
* subsp. intermontanus D.B.Dunn
* subsp. pusillus Pursh
Lupinus puyupatensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus pycnostachys C.P. Sm.
Lupinus quellomayus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus quitensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus radiatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ramosissimus Benth.
Lupinus reflexus Rose
Lupinus regalis Bergmans
Lupinus regnellianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus reineckianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus reitzii Burkart ex M. Pinheiro & Miotto
Lupinus retrorsus L.F. Hend.
Lupinus revolutus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus richardianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus rimae Eastw.
Lupinus rivularis Lindl. – riverbank lupin
Lupinus romasanus Ulbr.
Lupinus roseolus Rydb.
Lupinus roseorum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus rotundiflorus M.E. Jones
Lupinus rowleeanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ruber A. Heller
Lupinus rubriflorus Planchuelo
Lupinus ruizensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus rupestris Kunth
Lupinus rusbyanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus russellianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus sabinianus Lindl.
Lupinus sabinii Hook.
Lupinus sabulosus A. Heller
Lupinus salticola Eastw.
Lupinus sandiensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus santanderensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus sarmentosus Desr.
Lupinus saxatilis Ulbr.
Lupinus saxosus Howell – rock lupine
Lupinus schwackeanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus seifrizianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus sellowianus Harms
Lupinus sellulus Kellogg
* var. lobbii B.J.Cox
* var. sellulus Kellogg
* var. ursinus B.J.Cox
Lupinus semiprostratus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus semperflorens Benth.
Lupinus sericatus Kellogg – Cobb Mountain lupine
Lupinus sericeus Pursh – Pursh's silky lupin
* var. barbiger S.L.Welsh
* var. sericeus Pursh
Lupinus setifolius Planchuelo & D.B. Dunn
Lupinus shastensis Lupinus albicaulis
Lupinus shockleyi S. Watson – purple desert lupine
Lupinus sierrae-blancae Wooton & Standl.
* subsp. aquilinus L.S.Fleak & D.B.Dunn
* subsp. sierrae-blancae Wooton & Standl.
Lupinus simonsianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus simulans Rose
Lupinus sinaloensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus sitgreavesii S. Watson
Lupinus smithianus Kunth
Lupinus solanagrorum C.P. Sm.
Lupinus sonomensis A. Heller
Lupinus soratensis Rusby
Lupinus soukupianus C. P. Smith ex J. F. Macbr.
Lupinus sparsiflorus Benth. – desert lupin, Coulter's lupin, Mojave lupin
Lupinus spectabilis Hoover – shaggyhair lupine
Lupinus splendens Rose
Lupinus spragueanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus staffordiae C.P. Sm.
Lupinus stipulatus J. Agardh
Lupinus stiversii Kellogg – harlequin annual lupine
Lupinus storkianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus subacaulis Griseb.
Lupinus subcarnosus Hook. – buffalo clover
Lupinus subcuneatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus subhamatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus subinflatus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus sublanatus Eastw.
Lupinus submontanus Rose
Lupinus subsessilis Benth.
Lupinus subtomentosus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus subvexus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus succulentus K. Koch – succulent lupin, arroyo lupin, hollowleaf annual lupin
Lupinus sufferrugineus Rusby
Lupinus suksdorfii Robinson
Lupinus sulphureus Douglas
* subsp. kincaidii L. Ll. Phillips – Kincaid's lupin
* subsp. subsaccatus L. Ll. Phillips
* subsp. sulphureus Douglas – sulphur lupin, sulphur-flowered lupin
Lupinus surcoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus syriggedes C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tacitus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tafiensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus talahuensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tamayoanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tarapacensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tarijensis Ulbr.
Lupinus tarmaensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tatei Rusby
Lupinus taurimortuus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tauris Benth.
Lupinus tayacajensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tegeticulatus Eastw.
Lupinus tetracercophorus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus texanus Hook.
Lupinus texensis Hook. – Texas bluebonnet
Lupinus thompsonianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tidestromii Greene – Tidestrøm's lupin
* var. layneae Munz
* var. tidestromii Greene
Lupinus tolimensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus tomentosus DC.
Lupinus tominensis Wedd.
Lupinus toratensis C.P. Sm. – warwanzo, lito
Lupinus tracyi Eastw. – Tracy's lupine
Lupinus triananus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus truncatus Hook. & Arn. – collared annual lupine
Lupinus tucumanensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ulbrichianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus uleanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ultramontanus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus umidicola C.P. Sm.
Lupinus uncialis S. Watson
Lupinus uncinatus Schltdl.
Lupinus urcoensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus urubambensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus valerioi Standl.
Lupinus vallicola A. Heller – open lupin
* subsp. apricus D.B.Dunn
* subsp. vallicola A. Heller
Lupinus vargasianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus varicaulis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus variicolor Steud. – varied lupin
Lupinus velillensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus velutinus Benth.
Lupinus venezuelensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ventosus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus verbasciformis Sandwith
Lupinus verjonensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus vernicius Rose
Lupinus viduus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus vilcabambensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus villosus Willd.
Lupinus visoensis J.F. Macbr.
Lupinus volubilis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus weberbaueri Ulbr.
Lupinus werdermannianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus westianus Small
* var. aridorum Isely
* var. westianus Small
Lupinus whiltoniae Eastw.
Lupinus wilkesianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus williamlobbii C.P. Sm.
Lupinus williamsianus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus xanthophyllus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus xenophytus C.P. Sm.
Lupinus yanahuancensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus yarushensis C.P. Sm.
Lupinus ynesiae C.P. Sm.