Luna language
Luna is a Bantu language of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Assigned by Guthrie to a group called Songe, it is presumably one of the Luban languages established by Ahmed, like most of the other Songe languages, though it was not specifically addressed. Ruhlen agrees in placing it with the Luban languages.
Phonology
/g/ is always prenasalized, and k is almost always palatalized. /p/ is realized as if not following /m/.| Front | Mid | Back | |
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | ɪ <ǐ> | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ <ô> |
| Open | a | ɒ <ǒ> |
Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable.
Grammar
As is typical of Bantu languages, Luna utilizes a noun-class system defined by prefixes. The distal demonstrative 'that, yon' can be formed by adding the prefix yi- to the form. These are defined below:Additionally, there are three locative/adverbial prefixes, these being ku-, mu-, and pa-.
Pronouns are prefixed to the front of a verb before the tense and verb root. Possessive pronouns generally follow the noun they possess. They are as follows.
Ngu- is the first person singular subject prefix except before -di 'to be' -bili 'to know' and in the present tense progressive aspect of verbs, indicated by tana- and before object infixes. If there is an indirect and direct object, the indirect object is infixed in the object position and the direct object is moved to the end of the verb.The present and past progressive can also be expressed using the expressing -di mu + infinitive verb, literally to 'be in doing.' Relative pronouns are the same as subject pronouns when the subject, and moved to after the object pronoun when an object.. In relative clauses, ta- replaces the negative prefix.
Various tense, aspect, and mood prefixes may be added to a verb to modify its meaning. In the present progressive, past continuous, past perfective, past pluperfect, and simple future, the infinitive morpheme ku- must be placed before the first vowel of a vowel-initial verb, except for in -angata 'fetch' and -akala 'be'. In monosyllabic vowels, the first consonant and vowel are repeated in the first person singular. If the root is not vowel-initial, the vowel -e- is inserted if the final syllable is -ya, and -o- is inserted in all other cases. The final vowel becomes -i in the hortative imperative. The prefix bi- indicates a meaning of 'so that, that, in order that' and the suffix -po 'please' 'is added to commands when addressing a superior.
| TAM | Prefix | Example | English |
| Simple present | a-, VC- | nwananga | I love |
| Present progressive | tana- | ntanananga | I am loving |
| Past continuous | ama- | namananga | I have loved |
| Recent past/present perfect | apu- | napunanga | I have loved |
| Past perfective | aka- | nakananga | I loved |
| Past pluperfect | akama- | nakamananga | I had loved |
| Affirmative past | a- | nananga | I did love |
| Simple future | na- | nakunanga | I will love |
| Definitive future | kye- | nkyenanga | I will love |
| Conditional | xe- | nxenanga | I should, would love |
| Imperative | ø- | nanga | Love |
| Hortative | -i | Anangi | Let him/her love |
Additionally, complex verbs can be derived from simple verbs using prefixes.
| Form | Verb | Example | English |
| Simple | -xipa | kill | |
| Reflexive | di- | -dixipa | kill oneself |
| Causative | -sa | -xipisa | cause to kill oneself |
| Relative | -la | -xipila | kill for another |
| Reciprocal/Habitual | -ñana | -xipañana | kill each other, kill habitually |
| Stative | -ka | -xipaka | be dead, in a killed state |
| Continuous | REDUPLICATED | -xipa xipa | keep on killing |
| Passive | -bwa | -xipibwa | be killed |
There are a few adverbs that affix directly onto the verb:
| Adverb | Meaning | Example |
| be- | please, used to soften commands, slightly, softly in non-imperatives | bedipula ncibo 'kindly open the house for me' |
| ki- | still | tukyananga 'we still love' |
| -po | please, if you please | namanangapo kantu ka sabanga 'I want a little bit of soap please' |
| mu- and bi- | the state in which, how | tebela mwencencayi 'behold how he works' |
Cardinal numerals decline as both adjectives and simple numerals.
| Independent | Cardinal | Ordinal | |
| 1 | kôci | -mo~mwe | -a buxi |
| 2 | pende | -bidi | -amubidi |
| 3 | exatu | -satu | -amusatu |
| 4 | enei | -nai | -amunai |
| 5 | etano | -tano | -amutano |
| 6 | esambanu | -sambomo | -amusambomo |
| 7 | sambwali | sambwali | -a sambwali |
| 8 | yenana | yenana | -a yenana |
| 9 | dibwa | dibwa | -a dibwa |
| 10 | iyomu | disangi | -a disangi |