New Caledonian languages
The thirty New Caledonian languages, also known as Kanak languages, form a branch of the Southern Oceanic languages. Their speakers are known as Kanaks. One language is extinct, one is critically endangered, four are severely endangered, five are endangered, and another five are vulnerable to extinction.
Typology
The Cèmuhî, Paicî, Drubea, Numèè, and Kwenyii languages are tonal.Other than phonemically contrastive tone, typological features in New Caledonian languages that are typically unusual for Oceanic languages include nasalized vowels, very large vowel inventories, retroflex consonants, and voiceless nasals.
Languages
- Loyalty Islands
- *Drehu
- *Iaai
- *Nengone
- Mainland New Caledonian
- *Southern New Caledonian
- **Extreme Southern
- ***Ndrumbea
- ***Numèè
- **Mid-Southern
- ***Xârâcùù–Xârâgurè:
- ****Xârâcùù
- ****Xârâgurè
- ***Zire–Tîrî:
- ****Tîrî
- ****Zire †
- ***Wailic
- ****Ajië
- ****Arhâ
- ****Arhö
- ****Neku
- ****Orowe
- *Northern New Caledonian
- **Haeke*
- **Haveke*
- **Vamale*
- **Central Northern
- ***Cèmuhî
- ***Paicî
- **North Northern
- ***Pwaamei
- ***Pwapwa
- ****Bwatoo
- ****Hmwaveke
- ****Waamwang
- ****Fwâi
- ****Jawe
- ****Nemi
- ****Pije
- **Extreme Northern
- ***Caac
- ***Kumak
- ***Nyâlayu
- ***Yuanga