Lotus 18


The Lotus 18 was a race car designed by Colin Chapman for use by Lotus in Formula One, Formula Two, and Formula Junior, which was used from 1960 until 1966 in F1.

Overview

Lotus 18 was the first mid-engined car built by Lotus and was a marked improvement over Chapman's early and only moderately successful front-engined formula cars, the 12 and 16. It was introduced for the 1960 F1, F2 and FJ seasons, with about 27 examples of the F1 and F2 versions and 110 of the FJ versions. As a stop-gap before the introduction of the 18's successor models, the Lotus 20 for F2/FJ and 21 for F1, some 18 chassis were rebodied with 21 skins to create the interim Lotus 18/21 hybrid derivative.
The 18 was replaced by the Lotus 21 in Formula One and the Lotus 20 in Formula Junior in 1961.

Design

The car was a classic Chapman design, being extremely light and simple; the body was made up of lightweight panels bolted to heavily-triangulated tube frame chassis. Thus the car was rigid, strong and light, maintaining the 16's forward weight distribution despite the engine moving behind the driver.It was powered initially by a 2,467 cc Coventry Climax FPF four cylinder DOHC engine inherited from the Grand Prix version of Lotus 16. In 1960, the FPF was enlarged slightly to 2497 cc, which produced 239 hp at 6,750 rpm from a weight of only 290 lbs and had a wide torque range.
The 2.5 litre engine was replaced by a 1.5 Litre Climax FPF Mk.II with new Formula One engine rules in 1961. The Formula Junior variant used a 998 cc Cosworth Mk.III or a Downton BMC "A" Series with 948cc displacement. The Formula Junior version also used smaller gauge chassis tubing and Alfin drum brakes on all four corners.
Further contributing to the weight advantage was the adoption of lightweight sequential manual transmission originally developed for Lotus 12 by Richard Ansdale and Harry Mundy incorporating the unique sequential-shifting motorcycle gearbox, and a ZF limited-slip differential in a common Magnesium alloy housing to form a transaxle, which also provided the mounting points for inboard rear brakes. This gearbox had been improved in its reliability for Lotus 15 and 16 in 1957-58 by Keith Duckworth, who had just joined Lotus as a gearbox engineer.
Although Porsche in Austria pioneered the sequential-shifting gearbox for racing cars, with the Type 360 Cisitalia, the idea was relatively new and the original transaxle in the Lotus 12, which was essentially an enlarged motorcycle gearbox, combined with ZF limited-slip differential, had gained the nickname "Queerbox", or "Gearbox-full of neutrals" for its poor reliability. With Duckworth having left to form Cosworth in 1958, Mike Costin, who, despite being the co-founder of Cosworth, remained with Lotus for a while longer, adopted the improved Queerbox in the Lotus 16, into a configuration for directly mounting it behind the engine for Lotus 18 with dedicated oil scavenge and pressure feed pumps, further improving its reliability while retaining the small and light design.
The Formula Junior version utilized the Renault 4-speed transaxle, and both of the Lotus transaxle and this Renault 'box had the gear shifter lever on the left side of the driver. An optional gearbox was the VW gearbox with Hewland 4 speed gears. This last gearbox has the added advantage of being able to change gear ratios from behind the gearbox without removing the gearbox from the car.
The front suspension was by double-wishbone arms with an outboard coil/damper unit. Unlike Chapman's former designs where the ends of the anti-roll bar acted as a leg of the upper wishbone, the 18 had a separate front anti-roll bar. The rear suspension was by upper and lower radius arms with a reversed lower wishbone, where the fixed-length half-shaft acted as the upper-link. The coil/damper unit was also mounted outboard in the rear, and the 18 sometimes ran with and without the rear anti-roll bar.
In order to capitalize on the weight advantage, Chapman designed a light, sleek machine only 28 inches high and weighing just 980 lbs. To help facilitate this, the driver was placed in a semi-reclining position, pioneered about a decade before by Gustav Baumm of NSU.

Racing history

The Lotus 18 had remarkably good handling with a unique suspension system which drastically reduced weight transfer and body roll in cornering. Shortly, the Lotus 18 was proving to be faster than any car Grand Prix racing had ever seen, eclipsing even the legendary Auto Unions and being widely copied. It was also built as a two-seat sports-racer called the Lotus 19 or Monte Carlo.File:MossLotusClimax19610806.jpg|thumb|left|Stirling Moss in Rob Walker's Lotus 18 at the 1961 German Grand PrixThe car took Lotus' first F1 victory, by Innes Ireland in the non-championship Glover Trophy, on 8 April 1960. Its first World Championship win happened six weeks later, on 29 May, albeit by privateer Rob Walker, who leased the car from Chapman. Driven by Stirling Moss the car took a dominant win at the 1960 Monaco Grand Prix. It was an early taste of things to come. Moss also won the United States Grand Prix at the end of the season helping Lotus finish second in the constructors' championship.
Moss repeated his win in a legendary race at Monaco the following year, beating off the more powerful and faster 'sharknose' Ferraris. He then won at the fearsome Nürburgring in changeable weather, while Innes Ireland took a third win in the USA to help Lotus finish second in the constructors' championship in 1961. The Lotus 18 was also notable for giving Jim Clark his first Grand Prix start in 1960.
The Belgian Grand Prix at Spa in 1960 was notable for Moss's accident in the Rob Walker 18 in practice which kept him from the race and the death of Alan Stacey when he left the track in his 18 apparently following a bird strike in the face.

Complete Formula One results

Championship results

YearEntrantEngineTyresDrivers12345678910PointsWCC
Team LotusClimax Straight-4ARGMON500NEDBELFRAGBRPORITAUSA342nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4Innes Ireland692Ret7362342nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4Alan StaceyRetRetRet342nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4John SurteesRet2RetRet342nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4Jim ClarkRet5516316342nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4Ron Flockhart6342nd
Rob Walker Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Stirling Moss14DNSDSQ1342nd
Taylor-Crawley Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Mike TaylorDNS342nd
Jim HallClimax Straight-4Jim Hall7342nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4MONNEDBELFRAGBRGERITAUSA32*2nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4Innes IrelandRet32*2nd
Team LotusClimax Straight-4Trevor Taylor1332*2nd
Rob Walker Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Stirling Moss148RetRet1Ret32*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Cliff Allison8DNS32*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Henry TaylorDNQ10Ret1132*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Juan Manuel BordeuDNS32*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Masten GregoryRetRet32*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Olivier Gendebien1132*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Lucien BianchiRetRet32*2nd
Equipe Nationale BelgeClimax Straight-4Lucien BianchiRet32*2nd
Equipe Nationale BelgeClimax Straight-4Willy MairesseRet32*2nd
Scuderia ColoniaClimax Straight-4Michael MayRet11DNS32*2nd
Scuderia ColoniaClimax Straight-4Wolfgang SeidelDNS17RetRet32*2nd
Camoradi InternationalClimax Straight-4Ian BurgessDNSDNS141432*2nd
Tony MarshClimax Straight-4Tony MarshDNQRet1532*2nd
Tim ParnellClimax Straight-4Tim ParnellRet1032*2nd
Gerry AshmoreClimax Straight-4Gerry AshmoreRet16Ret32*2nd
Louise Bryden-BrownClimax Straight-4Tony Maggs131132*2nd
J Frank HarrisonClimax Straight-4Lloyd RubyRet32*2nd
Jim HallClimax Straight-4Jim HallRet32*2nd
J Wheeler AutosportClimax Straight-4Peter Ryan932*2nd
Prince Gaetano StarrabbaMaserati Straight-4Gaetano StarrabbaRet0-
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4NEDMONBELFRAGBRGERITAUSARSA36*2nd
UDT-Laystall Racing TeamClimax Straight-4Masten GregoryRet36*2nd
Scuderia SSS Republica di VeneziaClimax Straight-4Nino VaccarellaDNQ36*2nd
Emeryson CarsClimax Straight-4John Campbell-Jones1136*2nd
Equipe Nationale BelgeClimax Straight-4Lucien Bianchi91636*2nd
Ecurie ExcelsiorClimax Straight-4Jay Chamberlain15DNQDNQ36*2nd
Gerry AshmoreClimax Straight-4Gerry AshmoreDNQ36*2nd
Scuderia Jolly ClubClimax Straight-4Ernesto PrinothDNQ36*2nd
John DaltonClimax Straight-4Tony ShellyRetDNQ36*2nd
John DaltonBRM V8Tony ShellyDNQ1*8th
Tim ParnellClimax Straight-4MONBELNEDFRAGBRGERITAUSAMEXRSA54*1st
Tim ParnellClimax Straight-4Tim ParnellDNQ54*1st
Tim ParnellClimax Straight-4André PiletteDNQ54*1st
André PiletteClimax Straight-4André PiletteDNQ54*1st
Kurt KuhnkeBorgward Straight-4Kurt KuhnkeDNQ0-
Clive Puzey MotorsClimax Straight-4RSAMONBELFRAGBRNEDGERITAUSAMEX54*1st
Clive Puzey MotorsClimax Straight-4Clive PuzeyDNPQ54*1st

* Includes points scored by other Lotus models