List of sources of Chinese culinary history


This is a list of historical Chinese sources referring to Chinese cuisine. Not long after the expansion of the Chinese Empire during the Qin dynasty and Han dynasty, Chinese writers noted the great differences in culinary practices among people from different parts of the realm. These differences followed to a great extent the varying climate and availability of foodstuffs in China.

Pre-Han dynasty

Documents compiled before 206BC.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Zhouli zhushu t=周禮注疏Government officialsAn annotated version of the Rites of Zhou
Yili t=儀禮注疏Banquet rites, single food offering rites, secondary food offering rites, and other rites mentioned
Liji zhengyi t=禮記正義Eight different delicacies and others are mentioned.
Lüshi Chunqiu t=呂氏春秋 during the Qin dynastyUnder the patronage of Lü BuweiAn encyclopedic Chinese classic text compilation
Simin yueling jiaozhu 四民月令mid 2ADEastern Han dynasty Minister Official Que ShiA book of mainly agricultural practices where food related topics are partially mentioned

Pre-Sui states

Documents from before the Sui dynasty.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Shijing t=詩經1000–600BCNorthern Wei dynasty Lu ShiA collection of poetry from the 11th to 7th centuriesBC
Nanfang Caomu Zhuang t=南方草木狀Claims to have been completed in 304AD. Often considered a Song-era forgery.Western Jin dynasty scholar and botanist Ji Han Chinese subtropical flora
Qinjing t=禽經The naming of birds with their characteristics and other elements
Shizhen lu t=食珍錄Northern and Southern dynasties eraYu CongRecipe book with a focus on southern cuisine
Qimin Yaoshu t=齊民要術533 and 544BCNorthern Wei dynasty official Jia SixieAncient Chinese agricultural texts

Sui dynasty

Documents compiled during the Sui dynasty.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Shijing 食经Sui dynasty Xie FengThe book collects 53 cuisines of various types from the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty.
Beitang shuchao t=北堂書鈔Yu Shinan, an official and calligrapherThe oldest surviving leishu, which is a kind of Chinese reference book or encyclopedia. Includes a chapter covering beverages and foods.

Tang dynasty

Documents compiled during the Tang dynasty.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Yiwen Leiju 藝文類聚
艺文类聚
Ouyang Xun, a calligrapherА poetic encyclopedia; book 72 covers food.
Beiji qianjin yaofang 備急千金要方
备急千金要方
Sun Simiao, known as the King of MedicineAlong with Qian Jin Yi Fang, both significantly contributed to the development of Chinese medicine. Book 26 refers to food treatments.
Shipu 食譜
食谱
Wei JuyuanA menu from a banquet hosted by Wei Juyuan to thank the emperor for his promotion. It lists 58 dishes and includes descriptions of their cooking methods and ingredients.
Shiliao bencao 食療本草
食疗本草
684 or
701704 and 721–739
Meng Shen and Zhang DingThe earliest complete dietary work. Based on Meng Shen's book Buyang fang, Zhang Ding expanded it and renamed it as such.
Chajing 茶經
茶经
written between 760 and 780Lu YuThe very first monograph on tea in the world that records Chinese methods of tea cultivation and preparation
Jiancha shuiji 煎茶水記
煎茶水记
Zhang Youxin, a tea expertDiscusses the way of tea brewing and suggests a trend towards more study of tea
Shiyi xinjian 食醫心鑑
食医心鉴
published in 850UnknownFood therapy
Youyang zazu 酉陽雑俎
酉阳杂俎
published approximately in 853Duan ChengshiA miscellany of Chinese and foreign legends and hearsay, reports on natural phenomena, short anecdotes, and tales of the wondrous and mundane, as well as notes on such topics as medicinal herbs, tattoos, wine and foods.
Lingbiao lu yiji 嶺表錄異記
岭表录异记
written between 889 and 904Liu Xun A book documenting the climate, environment, products, and customs of southern China during the Tang Dynasty. More than 60% of its content is related to food, including descriptions of ingredients, unique delicacies, cooking and dining utensils, and culinary customs.
Shanfujing shoulu 膳夫經手錄
膳夫经手录
856Yang YezhuanIntroduces many formulae for diet therapy

Song dynasty

Documents compiled during the Song dynasty. The population of China doubled in size during the 10th and 11th centuries. This growth came through expanded rice cultivation in central and southern China, the use of early-ripening rice from southeast and southern Asia, and the production of abundant food surpluses.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Shanfulu 膳夫錄
膳夫录
Southern SongZheng Wang A cookbook consists of 14 entries with descriptions of the processing and preparation of delicacies
Shipu食譜
食谱
Qingyilu 淸異錄
清异录
950Tao GuA collection of more than 600 historical records and anecdotes spanned from Sui, Tang, the Five Dynasties and the early Song dynasty, under 37 categories including fine cuisines, vegetables, and fruits.
Taiping Yulan 太平御覽
太平御览
977 to 983Li FangAn encyclopedia
Sunpu 筍譜
笋谱
Zang Ning, a monkRecorded 98 kinds of bamboo shoot about heir names and aliases, characteristics, cultivation, tastes, processing and preservation methods
Benxinzhai shushipu 本心齋蔬食譜
本心斋蔬食谱
13th centuryChen Dasou Lists 20 vegetarian foods with recipes.
Shanjia qinggong 山家淸供
山家清供
13th centuryLin HongThis cookbook introduces food and beverages of hermits in the mountains and usages of sugar in cookery. It also mentions a cultural proverb related to pasta.
Rucao jishi茹草记事Published in 1646Lin Hong, Tao Zongyi, Tao Ting
Shidafu shishi wuguan *士大夫食時五觀
士大夫食时五观
between 1045 and 1105Huang Tingjian, a calligrapherDeals with five points of etiquette for shidafu when eating meat
Shouqin yanglao xinshu 壽親養老新書
寿亲养老新书
1307Zou XuanA book mainly discusses the knowledge and methods of health care for the elderly, including dietary management, food preparation and other health care contents.
Beishan jiujing 北山酒經
北山酒经
between 1535 and 1615Zhu Gong The first book extant entirely focused on wine and wine making
Yushipi 玉食批Song DynastyUnnamed royal kitchen servantA list of fine dishes served as daily meals to the princes of Emperor Lizong.
Chalu 茶錄
茶录
Cai XiangA renowned tea book
Lizhi pu 荔枝譜
荔枝谱
1059Cai XiangThe first monograph on any fruit tree written by a Chinese writer, in which over 30 varieties of fruit are mentioned including the lychee
Dongxi shichalu 東溪試茶錄
东溪试茶录
circa 1064Song Zi'anA record of tasting teas from various origins in the region of today's Fujian, and analyzing their making process
Pincha yaolu 品茶要錄
品茶要录
1075Huang RuA collection of 10 articles on practices that should be avoided in tea making, and the influence of geographical conditions on tea quality
Jiupu食经
Julu 橘錄
橘录
1178Han YanzhiA record of 27 citrus species around Wenzhou and their characteristics and cultivation methods
Tangshuang pu 糖霜譜
糖霜谱
1154Wang ZhuoThe first ancient Chinese monograph on sugarcane cultivation and cane sugar production methods
Xuanhe Era Tea Tribute from Beiyuan宣和北苑貢茶錄
宣和北苑贡茶录
1121-1125Xiong FanA record of 41 tea products from Fujian offered as tribute to Emperor Huizong of Song
Beiyuan Tea Tribute Addendum北苑別錄
北苑别录
1186Zhao RuliA supplement descriptive record to Xuanhe Era Tea Tribute from Beiyuan
Xiepu 蟹譜
蟹谱
1059Fu GongThe earliest records of knowledges on crabs in China
Xielüe 蟹略Southern SongGao SisunA collection of knowledges and cultures about crabs in China as of Song Dynasty
Junpu 菌譜
菌谱
Southern SongChen RenyuA documentation of 11 species of edible mushrooms, the earliest of its kind in China
Dongjing Meng Hua Lu東京夢華錄箋注
东京梦华录
1127Meng Yuanlao 1126–1147Journal of daily life in Kaifeng of 1102~1125
Ducheng jisheng 都城紀勝
都城纪胜
1235Nai De WengDescriptively recorded the life of the citizens and the prosperity of commerce in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty
Wulin jiu shi武林舊事
武林旧事
Zhou MiRecollections of past urban life in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song dynasty
Nan Song shisi ji 南宋市肆记Zhou MiOriginally a volume of Wulin jiu shi, recorded all kinds of markets and shops in Lin'an.
Mengliang lu 夢粱錄
梦粱录
Wu ZimuFrom the imperial court ceremonies to commoner's diet and daily life, another recollections of Lin'an.
Wushi Zhongkuilu吳氏中饋錄
吴氏中馈录
Madame WuThe earliest Chinese cookbook written by a woman and one of the first to mention the use of soy sauce
Fanshenglu or Xihulaoren fanshenglu繁胜录 or 西湖老人繁勝錄A record of the urban life in Lin'an, similar to the Ducheng jisheng

Jin dynasty

Documents compiled during the Jin dynasty.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Shiwu bencao 食物本草Li Gao, a major medical scholar of the timeA compilation of the rich documents on food as medicine in China as of the Ming dynasty.

Yuan dynasty

During the Yuan dynasty, contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, sorghum, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Nongshu 農書
农书
1149Chen FuDeals with paddy rice farming and sericulture in southern China
Riyong bencao 日用本草1367Wu Rui, an official medical authorityOne of famous works on dietetics written in the Yuan dynasty. It lists of 540 common foods with medicinal properties.
Yinshan zhengyao 飮膳正要
饮膳正要
Hu Sihui, an imperial dietary physicianThe book, that defines essential diets for a healthy person, is regarded as the first systematic document on nutritional principles in China.
Nongsang yishi cuoyao 農桑衣食撮要
农桑衣食撮要
1314Lu MingshanSugarcane and sugar manufacturing
Yinshi xuzhi 飮食須知
饮食须知
Jia MingOne of the famous works on a balanced and healthy diet which was written in the Yuan dynasty
Yunlin tang yinshi zhidu ji 雲林堂飲食制度集
云林堂饮食制度集
Ni Zan, a famous painterThe book recorded the author's homemade recipes, condiments, tea and wine, which reflects the style of Wuxi cuisine.
Jujia biyong shilei quanji 居家必用事類全集
居家必用事类全集
1301An encyclopedia that became a precursor to encyclopedias of the late Ming, and has a chapter devoted to "foods of the Muslims"
Zhuanshi 饌史
馔史
A compilation of anecdotes about diet extracted from Tang and Song books mentioned above on this page.

Ming dynasty

China during the Ming dynasty became involved in a new global trade of goods, plants, animals, and food crops known as the Columbian Exchange. Although the bulk of imports to China were silver, the Chinese also purchased New World crops from the Spanish Empire. This included sweet potatoes, maize, and peanuts, foods that could be cultivated in lands where traditional Chinese staple crops—wheat, millet, and rice—couldn't grow, hence facilitating population growth. In the Song dynasty, rice had become the major staple crop of the poor; after sweet potatoes were introduced to China around 1560, they gradually became the traditional food of the lower classes.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Yiya yiyi '易牙遗意Han YiMore than 150 recipes of condiments, beverages, pastry, dishes, preserved fruits, etc.
Tian chu ju zhenmiao zhuan ji 天厨聚珍妙馔集A collection of fine dining recipes
Shenyin or Quxian shenyin shu 神隐 or 臞仙神隐书Zhu QuanA record of the rustic, hermit-like life of a practitioner of Taoism, including details of farming, the food process and the diet.
Jiuhuang Bencao 救荒本草Zhu SuThe book newly mentions most edible plants.
Shijian bencao 食鉴本草1522~1566Ning YuanA work on dietary therapy, in which 251 items of food and ingredients were recorded, each with its medical attribute.
Bianmin tu zuan 便民图纂Kuang FanAn encyclopedia of farmers' daily use. Volume 15 covers food and other topics.
Yecai pu 野菜谱1524Wang PanA collection of 60 edible wild herbs, each with an illustration.
Songshi yangsheng bu 宋氏养生部1504Song XuIt recorded 1010 food items, 1340 recipes and 160 methods of processing and preserving foods.
Yunlin yishi云林遗事Gu YuanqingA collection of stories about Ni Zan, includes a chapter about his diet.
Shiwu bencao 食物本草Wang YingGreatly contributed to the development of medical foods.
Shipin ji 食品集1537Wu LuIt documents 350 types of food, divided into seven sections: cereals, fruits, vegetables, animals, poultry, insects and fish, and water.  For each food, it describes its nature and taste, toxicity, advantages and disadvantages of consumption, functions and indications. It also includes cooking methods for the foods.
Guang junpu 广菌谱Pan ZhihengA documentation of 19 species of edible mushrooms and 4 species of edible non-macrofungi
Bencao gangmu 本草纲目1578–1608Li ShizhenА total of 1892 medical substances are addressed in the book, and food items make up a significant portion of them.
Mo'e xiaolu墨娥小录Regards various delicacies in food, drink, etc.
Duo neng bi shi多能鄙事Liu JiThe book is divided into eleven sections containing essential knowledge for everyday life. Volumes 1 to 4 deal with food and cuisine.
Rucao bian茹草编Zhou LüjingA collection of 105 edible wild herbs, each with an illustration
Jujia bibei 居家必备A household encyclopedia, Volume 7 covers brewing, tea making and cooking.
Zunsheng bajian '遵生八笺Gao LianThe "eating and drinking" part recorded more than 3,200 recipes for beverages, foods, dishes, and medicaments.
Yesupin 野蔌品Gao LianIt includes descriptions of 96 wild-grown edible plants with details on their appearance, character and the way of cooking them.
Haiwei suoyin
海味索引Tu BenjunA record of 16 aquatic products, to correct errors in earlier such books.
Minzhong haicuoshu闽中海错疏Tu BenjunRecords of marine animals along the coast of Fujian.
Yecai jian 野菜笺Tu BenjunRecords 22 common edible wild plants in the author's hometown.
Shantang sikao山堂肆考1595Peng Dayi A 5-part encyclopedia with 240 volumes, including volumes on food and beverages, cereals, vegetables, and fruits.
Yecai bolu 野菜博录1622Bao ShanRecords of 435 edible wild plants.
Shangyi bencao上医本草1620Zhao NanxingRecords of more than 200 food items that are also used medicinally
Shangzheng 觞政Yuan HongdaoDrinking games and customs
Nongzheng quanshu 农政全书Xu GuangqiDetails of agricultural practices with the effects of the climate and landscape
Yangyu yueling养余月令1633Dai XiA farmer's encyclopaedia organised by month of the year
Jiushi 酒史Feng ShihuaChinese wine knowledge, customs and culture

Qing dynasty

Documents compiled during the Qing dynasty.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Xianqing ouji 闲情偶寄Li YuContains a section on food and drink
Min xiao ji闽小记1647Zhou LianggongNarrative of Fukienese folklore, produce and trivia
Yinshi xuzhi 饮食须知Zhu BenzhongDietary do's and don'ts from a medical scientist
Tiaodingji调鼎集A cookery book compiled in the mid-Qing dynasty collected the practical experience of cooks.
Shiwu bencao huizuan食物本草会纂1691Shen LilongRecords of 220 foods that are also used medicinally, listing the nature, taste and function of each.
Jiangnan yuxianpin 江南鱼鲜品Chen JianThe book recorded 21 species of food fish.
Gui'eryue簋贰约You Tong
Riyong suzi日用俗字Pu SonglingA literacy textbook based on objects and contents of everyday life, which has a chapter on foods and one on vegetables
Shixian hongmi食宪鸿秘Zhu YizunOver 400 recipes for condiments, drinks, dishes and pastries.
Fan you shi'er heshuo 饭有十二合说Zhang YingGains of knowledge and thoughts about meals
Yuanjian leihan 渊鉴类函A large encyclopedia compiled in imperial order, with sections on foods, grains, medicinal herbs, vegetables and fruits.
Juchang yinzhuan lu居常饮馔录Cao YinA compilation of dietary works from Song and Ming dynastyies
Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China古今图书集成1700–1725Chen Menglei and Jiang TingxiThe food section is included in the Economy part
Xu chajing 续茶经Lu TingcanA combing and recording of tea production and consumption from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
Gezhi jingyuan 格致镜原Chen YuanlongAn encyclopedia of which the volume 6 covers food and drink.
Nongpu bianlan 农圃便览1755Ding YizengThe book provides information on techniques for growing staple foods, legumes, fruits and flowers, as well as forecasting or treating and processing agricultural products, including brewing, cooking and medical treatment.
Xingyuan lu醒园录Li HuananA culinary book with recipes for dishes, pastries, snacks, brewing methods as well as food preservation methods.
Yangsheng suibi养生随笔1773Cao TingdongHealth care knowledges for the elderly, the 5th volume is dedicated to congees listing 100 recipes
Suiyuan shidan 随园食单1792Yuan MeiA work on cooking and gastronomy
Wu xun pu 吴蕈谱1683Wu LinA documentation of 26 edible mushrooms commonly found around Suzhou, and also listed inedible, poisonous mushrooms of the area
Jihai cuo 记海错1814Hao YixingA book recording common marine animals and plants along the coast of northern China
Zhengsuwen 证俗文Hao YixingA dictionary to rectify Chinese characters often misused in everyday life. The first volume covers names and terms relating to food and drink
Xilüe 醯略Zhao XinA collection of texts on vinegar from over 100 ancient Chinese works.
Yangxiaolu 养小录1698Gu ZhongIn 22 categories, the book describes the preparation of 276 drinks, condiments, dishes and pastries.
Yangzhou huafang lu扬州画舫录1795Li DouThe book describes life in the merchants' quarters of Yangzhou, including its food and teahouses.
Tiaoji yinshi bian 调疾饮食辨1823Zhang MuThe book contains the medicinal properties of more than six hundred kinds of foods
Qing jia lu清嘉录Gu LuThe book describes the folk customs, human history and natural scenery of the Suzhou area.
Tongqiao yizhao lu 桐桥倚棹录Gu LuA local journal describing the landscape, scenic spots, temples, monuments, and handicrafts in the area of Huqiu and Shantang in Suzhou.
Suixiju yinshipu随息居饮食谱1861Wang ShixiongThe book includes more than330 food items and provides a detailed discussion of the tastes, characteristics and effects on the body of various drinks and foods, as well as their medical uses from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine.
Yuan Cong Hua Yinengpian履园丛话·艺能篇Qian YongThere's one chapter titled "Cooking".
Zhongkui lu中馈录Peng Songyu
Huya湖雅Wang YuezhenA dictionary-like glossary of the rich agricultural and fishery products of Huzhou
Zhongkui lu中馈录Zeng YiRecorded process for the production of air-dried hams, sausages and other food products, and condiments
Zhoupu 粥谱
广粥谱
Huang YunhuA book specialising in the preparation of congee
Xinbian jiazhengxue 新编家政学Part 4, chapter 3 is on diet.
Chengdu tonglan成都通览Fu ChongjuA book reflecting the whole picture of Chengdu society in the late Qing Dynasty. Volume 7 is on food and drink.

Post-Qing period

Documents compiled after the Qing dynasty.
TitleChinese nameDateAuthorDescription
Zaoyangfan shu Western Cookbook造洋饭书1909The earliest western cookbook in China. It is divided into 25 chapters, which introduce the ingredients and cooking methods of western food.
Shipin jiawei beilan Overview of Food Delicacy食品佳味备览He Yun ShiListed over 200 famous specialty foods in different parts of China, occasionally involves famous restaurants and the method of preparing dishes.
Qingbai leichao
Anthology of Petty Matters in Qing
清稗类钞1917Xu KeAn anthology of historiographical essays from the entire Qing period includes all aspects of history, society, state, the arts and human life.
Pengren yiban
Introduction to cooking
烹饪一斑1935Lu ShoujianAn introductory cookery book for beginners
Jiating shipu Family recipes家庭食谱1916Li Gong'erRecipes for family meals and dishes.
Xican pengren mijue Tips for cooking Western food西餐烹饪秘诀1921Li Gong'er
Jiating shipu xubian Family Recipes Sequel家庭食谱续编1924Shi XishengRecipes for family meals and dishes.
Jiating shipu sanbian Family Recipes Third家庭食谱三编Shi XishengA follow-up of the Family Recipes Sequel
Jiating shipu sibian Family Recipes Four家庭食谱四编Shi XishengA follow-up of the Family Recipes Third
Sushi pu Vegetarian Manual素食谱1925Shi XishengMore than 250 recipes for vegetarian dishes
Jiashi shixi baojian家事实习宝鉴1918Wang YanlunA guide to the different categories of household chores, including family meals cooking.
Zhijia quanshu治家全书1919Gao JianhuaAn encyclopedia of women with a section on culinary expertise.
Jiating wanbao quanshu家庭万宝全书Includes a section of culinary expertise.
Sushi shenglun素食养生论Yamazaki KesayaTranslated from the original Japanese book. Argues that vegetarianism is good for health.
Shanghai kuailan
Shanghai Quick Browse
上海快览1924Tao FengziA guide for visitors or new residents of Shanghai, including a chapter introducing the restaurants and diners.
Shiwu xin bencao 食物新本草Translated from the original Japanese book. Introduces modern Western concepts and knowledge of nutrition and food hygiene
Qinan kuailan
Jinan Quick Browse
济南快览1927Zhou ChuanmingA guide for visitors or new residents of Jinan, including a chapter introducing the restaurants and diners.
Beiping caipu 北平菜谱1931A collection of recipes of the dishes that were served at the Dalian Liaodong Hotel
Minzhong changshi congshu 民众常识丛书Yue JunshiHousehold tips aimed at female readers, including a section on culinary expertise
Jinan daguan
Getting to Know Jinan
济南大观1934Luo TengxiaoA guide for visitors to Jinan, including a chapter introducing the restaurants and diners.
Yinshi yu jiankang Diet and health饮食与健康1936Zhang EntingIntroduces the relationship between diet and health from the perspective of modern food chemistry and Western nutrition.
Beiping fengsu leizheng北平风俗类征1937Li JiaruiDetailed and systematic collection of Beijing folk customs, including eating habits.
Feishi shiyang sanzhong费氏食养三种1938Fei Zibin
Fei Boxiong
Three books on dietary therapy.
Shiyong yinshixue Practical Dietetics实用饮食学1939Gong Lanzhen
Zhou Xuan
A textbook on healthy eating and nutrition.
Xin shipu Latest Recipe新食谱1941Ren Bangzhe
Lin Guogao
Nutritional components in the foods of the daily diet.
Sushi shuolü素食说略Xue BaochenThe recipes of more than 170 kinds of vegetarian dishes popular in the late Qing Dynasty.
Chifan wenti Questions to Eating吃饭问题1944Shan YingminPopular knowledge books on diet and nutrition.