List of countries by population in 1600
This is a list of countries by population in 1600. Estimate numbers are from the beginning of the year, and exact population figures are for countries that held a census on various dates in that year. The bulk of these numbers are sourced from Alexander V. Avakov's Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1, pages 15 to 17, which cover population figures from the year 1600 divided into modern borders. Avakov, in turn, cites a variety of sources, mostly Angus Maddison. More specific numbers are given by other sources, and are noted as such in the citations.
| Country/Territory | Population estimate | Percentage of World Population |
| World | 579,000,000 | – |
| Ming Dynasty | 60,000,000–150,000,000 | |
| Mughal Empire | ~56,000,000 | |
 Holy Roman Empire|size=35pxEfn|Combining Avakov's listed populations for Germany, Austria, Czechia, Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, and a third of Italy yields 28.9 million inhabitants; Avakov p. 15. This total does not include the Empire's various now-French territories such as Franche-Comté, the départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, Alsace, or the County of Nice. While still claimed by the Emperor, this total also does not count the independent Dutch Republic. An estimate by the Austrian War Archives in the first decade of the 18th century gives a population of 28 million for the German lands, Bohemia, and the Spanish Netherlands, which would add up to 33.5 million for the whole Empire in the early 17th century, excluding said now-French territories. However, Benecke considers the Austrian War Archives figure to be "overgenerous." Yet another source gives a population of 20 million for "Germany, Austria, and Bohemia." Adding to that figure the already-listed ones for the Spanish Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy equals a population of about 27 million, plus the French territories.collapsible list |