List of concurrent and parallel programming languages


This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library.
The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.

Coordination languages

Dataflow programming

Distributed computing

Event-driven and hardware description

Functional programming

Logic programming

Monitor-based

Multi-threaded

Object-oriented programming

Partitioned global address space (PGAS)

Message passing

Actor model

CSP-based

APIs/frameworks

These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.