List of baryons


s are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς", meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.
Pentaquarks are exotic baryons composed of four quarks and one antiquark. In 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN definitively reported the observation of pentaquark states in the decay of bottom lambda baryons. Since then, additional pentaquark states have been discovered, including new observations in 2019 and 2022. While primarily created in laboratory conditions, pentaquarks might also form naturally during neutron star formation.
Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are protons and neutrons, which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons, the other major component of atoms, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, known as an antibaryon, in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.

Baryon properties

These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = and J = configurations with positive parity.
  • Baryons composed of one type of quark can exist in J = configuration, but J = is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
  • Baryons composed of two types of quarks can exist in both J = and J = configurations.
  • Baryons composed of three types of quarks can exist in both J = and J = configurations. Two J = configurations are possible for these baryons.
The symbols encountered in these lists are: I, J, P, u, d, s, c, b, Q, B, S, C, , as well as a wide array of subatomic particles.
Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C,, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

 ''J''''P'' = + baryons

† Particle has not yet been observed.
The masses of the proton and neutron are known with much better precision in daltons than in MeV/c2. In atomic mass units, the mass of the proton is whereas that of the neutron is
At least 1035 years. See Proton decay.
For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
PDG reports the resonance width. Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
There is a controversial discovery claim, disfavored by other experimental data.

 ''J''''P'' = + baryons

† Particle has not yet been observed.
PDG reports the resonance width. Here the conversion τ = is given instead.

Baryon resonance particles

This table gives the name, quantum numbers, and experimental status of baryon resonances confirmed by the PDG. Baryon resonance particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood. The spin-parity JP is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the JP values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.