List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars
The following is a list of Iranian scientists, engineers, and scholars who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age.
A
- Abdul Qadir Gilani theologian and philosopher
- Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i physician
- Abu Dawood, Islamic scholar
- Abu Hanifa, Islamic scholar
- Abu Said Gorgani
- 'Adud al-Dawla, scientific patron
- Ahmad ibn Farrokh, physician
- Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din, physician and chemist
- Alavi Shirazi, royal physician in Mughal India
- Amuli, Muhammad ibn Mahmud, physician
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, mathematician and astronomer
- Ansari, Khwaja Abdullah, Islamic scholar
- Aqa-Kermani, physician
- Aqsara'i, physician
- Abu Hafsa Yazid, physician
- Arzani, Muqim, physician
- Astarabadi, physician
- Aufi, Muhammad, scientist and historian
- Albubather, physician and astrologer
- Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath, physician
- Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, theologian and philosopher
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, mathematician and astronomer
B
- Brethren of Purity
- Bahmanyār, philosopher
- Al-Baghawi, Islamic scholar
- Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer
- Baha Al-Dowleh Razi, physician
- Al-Baladhuri, historian
- Abu Ali Bal'ami, historian
- Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, known in Latin as Albumasar, astrologer
- Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, geographer and mathematician
- Banū Mūsā brothers
- Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, historian
- Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, historian and Islamic scholar
- Al-Bayhaqi, faqih and muhadith
- Muhammad Baqir Behbahani, theologian
- Bubares, engineer
- Ibn Bibi, historian of the Seljuks of Rum
- Biruni, astronomer and mathematician
- Muhammad al-Bukhari, Islamic scholar
- Sahl ibn Bishr, astrologer, mathematician
- Bukhtishu, Persian Christian physician of Academy of Gundishapur
- Bukhtishu, Abdollah ibn, Christian physician in Persia
- Jabril ibn Bukhtishu, Christian physician
- Bukhtishu, Yuhanna, Christian physician
- Borzuya, a.k.a. Borzouyeh-i Tabib, physician of Academy of Gundishapur
- Bibi Monajemeh Nishaburi, mathematician and astronomer
- Birjandi, astronomer and mathematician
- Muhammad Bal'ami, historian
- Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, physician
- Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
D
- Abu Hanifa Dinawari, astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian
- Ibn Durustawayh, grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith
- Ibn Qutaybah Dinwari, historian and theologian
E
- Abubakr Esfarayeni, physician
F
- Al-Farghani, astronomer, known in Latin as Alfraganus
- Al-Farabi, philosopher
- Fazari, Ibrahim, mathematician and astronomer
- Fazari, Mohammad, mathematician and astronomer
- Feyz Kashani, Mohsen, theologian
- Firishta, historian
- Ibn al-Faqih, historian and geographer
- Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi, astronomer
- Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani, religious scholar, historian and political writer
G
- Gardizi, geographer and historian
- Ghazali, philosopher
- Gilani, Hakim, royal physician
- Kushyar Gilani, mathematician, geographer, astronomer
- Zayn al-Din Gorgani, royal physician
- Rostam Gorgani, physician
- Al-Masihi, Avicenn'a master
H
- Hakim Ghulam Imam, physician
- Hakim Muhammad Mehdi Naqi, physician
- Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan, physician
- Hakim Nishaburi, Islamic scholar
- Hallaj, mystic-philosopher
- Hamadani, Mir Sayyid Ali, poet and philosopher
- Harawi, Abolfadl, astronomer of Buyid dynasty
- Harawi, Muwaffak, pharmacologist
- Harawi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf, physician
- Hasani, Qavameddin, physician
- Ibn Hindu, man of letters, physician
- Haji Bektash Veli, mystic
- Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician
- Haseb Tabari, astronomer
- Hammam ibn Munabbih, Islamic scholar
- Hamza al-Isfahani, philologist and historian
- Abu Ja'far ibn Habash
I
- Ibn Abi Sadiq, "The Second Hippocrates", Avicenna's disciple
- Ibn Isfandiyar, historian
- Ibn Khordadbeh, geographer
- Ibn Rustah, explorer and geographer
- Ilaqi, Yusef, Avicenna's pupil
- Mansur ibn Ilyas, physician
- Ibn Sina, philosopher and physician
- Isfahani, Imad al-Din historian and rhetorician
- Isfahani, Jalaleddin, physician
- Isfahani, Husayn, physician
- Istakhri, geographer, gives the earliest known account of windmills
- Iranshahri, philosopher, teacher of Abu Bakr al-Razi
- Al-Isfizari, mathematician and astronomer
J
- Jabir ibn Hayyan, alchemist, pharmacist, philosopher, physicist, astronomer
- Jaghmini, physician
- Juwayni, philosopher, theologian
- Juzjani, Abu Ubaid, physician
- Jamal ad-Din Bukhari, astronomer
- Jamasp, sage and philosopher
- Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī, geometer
K
- Karaji, mathematician
- Jamshid-i Kashani, astronomer and mathematician
- Kashfi, Jafar, theologian
- Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni, physician
- Kermani, Iwad, physician
- Kermani, Shams-ud-Din, Islamic scholar
- Al-Khazini, physicist
- Khayyam, Omar, poet, mathematician, and astronomer
- Khorasani, Sultan Ali, physician
- Al-Kharaqī, astronomer and mathematician
- Khujandi, mathematician and astronomer
- Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, creator of algorithm and algebra, mathematician and astronomer
- Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī, logician and philosopher
- Shams al-Din al-Khafri, astrologer
- Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, mathematician and astronomer
- Kubra, Najmeddin
- Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani, mathematician, astronomer
- Abu Zayn Kahhal, physician
M
- Al-Mada'ini, historian
- Mahani, mathematician and astronomer
- Majusi, Ibn Abbas, physician
- Marvazi, Abu Taher, philosopher
- Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi, mathematician, astronomer, geographer
- Masawaiyh, or Masuya
- Mashallah ibn Athari, of Jewish origins, from Khorasan who designed the city of Baghdad based on Firouzabad
- Miskawayh, philosopher
- Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi, physician
- Hamdallah Mustawfi, geographer
- Mulla Sadra, philosopher
- Ibn al-Muqaffa', founder of Arabic prose along with Abdol-Hamid
- bin Musa, Hasan, astronomer, mathematician
- bin Musa, Ahmad, astronomer, inventor
- bin Musa, Muhammad, astronomer, mathematician
- Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi, philosopher
- Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Islamic scholar
- Muqatil ibn Sulayman, mufassir of Quran
- Ibn Manda, Hadith scholar
- Abu Ahmad Monajjem, music theorist, literary historian
- Masarjawaih, physician
- Muhammad Abdolrahman, physician
N
- Nagawri, physician
- Nahavandi, Benjamin, Jewish scholar
- Nahavandi, Ahmad, astronomer
- Nakhshabi, physician
- Narshakhi, historian
- Nasir Khusraw, scientist, Ismaili scholar, mathematician, philosopher, traveler and poet
- Natili Tabari, physician
- Naubakht, designer of the city of Baghdad
- Naubakht, Fadhl ibn, astronomer
- Nawbakhty, Islamic scholar, philosopher
- Nizam al-Din Nishapuri, mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet
- Nawbakhti, Ruh, Islamic scholar
- Nayrizi, mathematician and astronomer
- Naqshband, Baha ud-Din, philosopher
- Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri, physician
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Islamic scholar
- Nurbakhshi, physician
- Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian
- Al-Nasa'i, hadith collector
- Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, historian and biographer
- Abu Nu`aym, Islamic scholar
O
- Ostanes, ancient Persian alchemist
P
- Paul the Persian, philosopher
Q
- Qazwini, Zakariya, physician
- Qumi, Qazi Sa’id, theologian
- Qumri, physician
- Ali Qushji, mathematician, astronomer and physician
- Ali al-Qari, Islamic scholar
- Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi, jurist and Shia scholar
- Al-Quda'i, judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt
R
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, islamic theologian, physician, astronomer
- Razi, Amin, geographer
- Razi, Zakariya (Rhazes), chemist, physician, and philosopher
- Razi, Najmeddin, mystic
- Rumi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad, Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic
- Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, historian, physician and politician
- Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Ismaili philosopher
- Rudaki, Persian poet
S
- Sabzevari, Mulla Hadi, poet and philosopher
- Saghani Ostorlabi, astronomer
- Sahl, Fadl ibn, astronomer
- Sahl, Shapur ibn, physician
- Samarqandi, Najibeddin, physician
- Samarqandi, Ashraf, mathematician, astronomer
- Samarqandi, Dawlatshah biographer
- Sarakhsi, Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib historian and philosopher
- Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Islamic scholar
- Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, historian, traveller
- Shahrastani, historian of religions
- Shahrazuri, philosopher and physician
- Shahrazuri, Ibn al-Salah, Islamic scholar
- Shaykh Tusi, Islamic scholar
- Ibn Babawayh, theologian
- Ibn Sahl, mathematician, physicist
- Abu ul-Ala Shirazi, physician
- Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb, physician
- Shirazi, Imad al-Din Mas'ud, physician
- Shirazi, Muhammad Hadi Khorasani, physician
- Shirazi, Qutbeddin, astronomer
- Shirazi, Mahmud ibn Ilyas, physician
- Shirazi, Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas, physician
- Shirazi, Qurayshi, physician
- Shirazi, Sultan Waezin, theologian
- Sibawayh, linguist and grammarian
- Sijzi, mathematician and astronomer
- Sijzi, Mas'ud, physician
- Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, astronomer from Ray who invented the meridian ring
- Mūsā ibn Shākir, astronomer
- Suhrawardi, Shahab al-Din, philosopher
- Abu Sulayman Sijistani, philosopher
- ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani, Islamic scholar
- Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji, philosopher and logician
- Zeynalabdin Shirvani, geographer, philosopher and poet
- Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Ismaili philosopher
- Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, astrologer
T
- Tabarani, Abu al-Qasim, Islamic scholar
- Tabari Amoli, historian
- Tabari, ibn Farrukhan, astrologer and architect
- Tabari, Abul Hasan, physician
- Tabari, Ibn Sahl, Jewish convert physician, master of Rhazes
- Tabrizi, Maqsud Ali, physician
- Taftazani, theologian, linguist
- Tayfur, Ibn Abi Tahir, linguist
- Tirmidhi, Islamic scholar
- Tunakabuni, physician
- Tughra'i, physician
- Tusi, Nizam ol-Molk, Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
- Tusi, Nasireddin, Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian
- Tusi, Sharafeddin, mathematician
- Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tha'labi, Islamic scholar
- 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, Persian or Turkish mathematician
U
- Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, musician
- Abu al‐Uqul al‐Tabari, Yemenite astronomer of Iranian origin
V
- Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat, scholar and physician
W
- Waqidi, historian
- Wassaf, historian
- Al-Wabkanawi, astronomer
Y
- Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq, mathematician and astronomer
- Yunus ibn Habib, linguist
- Yahya ibn Ma'in, Islamic scholar
- Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni, musician
- Yahya ibn Abi Mansur, astronomer
Z
- Dawud al-Zahiri theologian and historian
- Zamakhshari, scholar and geographer
- Muhammad Zarrindast, oculist
- Zayn-e-Attar, physician
- Zarir Jurjani, mathematician and astronomer
- Zakariya al-Qazwini physician, astronomer, geographer, and proto-science fiction writer