Limnonectes
Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
Habitat
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.
Lifecycle
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. The tadpoles of the corrugated frog are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development, but more careful observations have shown it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.
Species
Limnonectes abanghamidi Matsui, 2024Limnonectes acanthi Limnonectes arathooni Limnonectes asperatus Limnonectes bagoensis Köhler, Zwitzers, Than & Thammachoti, 2021Limnonectes bagoyoma Köhler, Zwitzer, Than & Thammachoti, 2021Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007Limnonectes barioensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024Limnonectes batulawensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2024Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021Limnonectes blythii Limnonectes cassiopeia Herr, Som & Brown, 2024Limnonectes cintalubang Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol & Stuart, 2018Limnonectes conspicillatus Limnonectes dabanus Limnonectes dammermani Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014Limnonectes diuatus Limnonectes doriae Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020Limnonectes finchi Limnonectes fragilis Limnonectes fujianensis Ye & Fei, 1994Limnonectes ghoshi Limnonectes grunniens Limnonectes gyldenstolpei Limnonectes hascheanus Limnonectes heinrichi Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014Limnonectes ibanorum Limnonectes ingeri Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly & Barley, 2012Limnonectes jarujini Matsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010Limnonectes kadarsani Iskandar, Boeadi & Sancoyo, 1996Limnonectes kenepaiensis Limnonectes khammonensis Limnonectes khasianus Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2018Limnonectes kohchangae Limnonectes kong Dehling & Dehling, 2017Limnonectes kuhlii Limnonectes lambirensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024Limnonectes larvaepartus Iskandar, Evans & McGuire, 2014Limnonectes lauhachindai Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksinum, Chuaynkern & Stuart, 2015Limnonectes leporinus Limnonectes leytensis Limnonectes limborg Limnonectes longchuanensis Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016Limnonectes macrocephalus Limnonectes macrodon Limnonectes macrognathus Limnonectes magnus Limnonectes malesianus Limnonectes mawlyndipi Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008Limnonectes micrixalus Limnonectes microdiscus Limnonectes microtympanum Limnonectes mocquardi Matsui, Dubois & Ohler, 2013Limnonectes modestus Limnonectes namiyei Limnonectes nguyenorum McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015Limnonectes nitidus Limnonectes paginatanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024Limnonectes palavanensis Limnonectes paramacrodon Limnonectes parvus Limnonectes paulyambuni Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024Limnonectes penerisanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024Limnonectes phuyenensis Pham, Do, Le, Ngo, Nguyen, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2020Limnonectes phyllofolia Frederick, Iskandar, Riyanto, Hamidy, Reilly, Stubbs, Bloch, Bach & McGuire, 2023Limnonectes plicatellus Limnonectes poilani Limnonectes pseudodoriae Yodthong, Rujirawan, Stuart & Aowphol, 2021Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu & Nguyen, 2017Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014Limnonectes separatus Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024Limnonectes shompenorum Das, 1996Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley & Iskandar, 2011Limnonectes tawauensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada. 2024Limnonectes tayloriMatsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010Limnonectes timorensis Limnonectes tweediei Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014Limnonectes visayanus
Phylogeny
Pyron & Wiens (2011)
The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens. 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.
Aowphol, et al. (2015)
The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al.. 20 species are included.
McLeod, et al. (2015)
Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex. Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubang are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.