Libyan nationalism
Libyan nationalism refers to the nationalism of Libyans and Libyan culture. Libyan nationalism began to arise with the creation of the Senussi religious orders in the 1830s that blended North African Sufism with orthodox Islam. After colonization of Libya by Italy, opponents of Italian colonial rule from Tripolitania and Cyrenaica combined forces in 1922, with Senussi leader Omar Mukhtar leading the revolt against Italian forces in Libya. Libya became an independent state after World War II.
Libya under Muammar Gaddafi initially pursued pan-Arabism but later abandoned this; Gaddafi initiated an irredentist war with Chad over the Aouzou strip. Gaddafi was overthrown in 2011.
History
Mid 19th Century
During the 1840s the Senussi religious orders reached the borders of Libya with the help of Algerian sheikh El-Sayyid Mohammed bin Ali Al-Senussi, also known as Grand Sanusi. The Senussi orders created a spiritual unification, a sense of community, among the Libyan people. The Senussi orders were concerned with the spiritual aspect of the religion of Islam. Their presence was detectable among the tribes in Libya which provided the religion with more power and influence in the region. They played an important part in creating cohesion among tribes and keeping the tribes at peace, preventing conflict. Within politics, the Senussi orders were concerned with spreading Islam's reach. They became more prominent in Libya to the point where we could eventually speak of a state within a state led by the Senussi order.20th Century
Since the 19th century, Italy had had colonial ambitions in Libya. In 1912, the European power invaded and annexed Tripolitania and Cyrenaica right after their recognition by the Turks through the Treaty of Lausanne. The power was shared between the Senussi orders and the Italian authorities in Libya. After the Senussi orders had sided with the Ottoman Empire during the war and lost, Muhammad Idris took the lead in the negotiations with the British. In 1922, the different nationalist groups in Tripoli decided to put their differences aside and recognized Idris as the legitimate leader of Libya. With his nomination, the war between the Senussi orders and the Italians started again. After another Italian victory, thousands of Italians immigrated to the Libyan soil. During World War II, Idris fled to Egypt where he was protected by the British. He finally rose to the throne when Libya was unified under a constitutional monarchy after the defeat of Italy and Germany.King Muhammad Idris was overthrown in the 1969 coup led by Captain Muammar Gaddafi. Inspired by Nasser in Egypt, Gaddafi joined his project of regional unity, also called pan-Arabism, aiming at creating a common Arab state. In this project, Gaddafi viewed Islam as an essential pillar, hence approaching ideas of pan-Islamism. Islam worked as a unifying factor of universal relevance. Gaddafi wished to promote an alternative to the communism and capitalist philosophies in the Third International Theory. This theory, developed in The Green Book, was addressing not only the Arab world but the entire globe and promoted direct democracy through the General People's Committee establishing a direct dialogue between the population and the government.