Labrador Sea
The Labrador Sea is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is flanked by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. It is a marginal sea of the Atlantic.
The sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago and stopped about 40 million years ago. It contains one of the world's largest turbidity current channel systems, the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel, that runs for thousands of kilometres along the sea bottom toward the Atlantic Ocean.
The Labrador Sea is a major source of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic.
History
The Labrador Sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago and stopped about 40 million years ago. A sedimentary basin, which is now buried under the continental shelves, formed during the Cretaceous. Onset of magmatic sea-floor spreading was accompanied by volcanic eruptions of picrites and basalts in the Paleocene at the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay.Between about 500 BC and 1300 AD, the southern coast of the sea contained Dorset, Beothuk, and Inuit settlements; Dorset tribes were later replaced by Thule people.
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Labrador Sea as follows:
On the North: the South limit of Davis Strait .
On the East: a line from Cape St. Francis to Cape Farewell.
On the West: the East Coast of Labrador and Newfoundland and the Northeast limit of the Gulf of St. Lawrence – a line running from Cape Bauld to the East extreme of Belle Isle and on to the Northeast Ledge. Thence a line joining this ledge with the East extreme of Cape St. Charles in Labrador.
Natural Resources Canada uses a slightly different definition, putting the northern boundary of the Labrador Sea on a straight line from a headland on Killiniq Island abutting Lady Job Harbour to Cape Farewell.
Oceanography
The Labrador Sea is about deep and wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than towards Baffin Bay and passes into the wide Davis Strait. A deep turbidity current channel system, which is about wide and long, runs on the bottom of the sea, near its center from the Hudson Strait into the Atlantic. It is called the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel and is one of the world's longest drainage systems of Pleistocene age. It appears as a submarine river bed with numerous tributaries and is maintained by high-density turbidity currents flowing within the levees.The water temperature varies between in winter and in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter. Tides are semi-diurnal, reaching.
There is an anticlockwise water circulation in the sea. It is initiated by the East [Greenland Current] and continued by the West Greenland Current, which brings warmer, more saline waters northwards, along the Greenland coasts up to the Baffin Bay. Then, the Baffin Island Current and Labrador Current transport cold and less saline water southward along the Canadian coast. These currents carry numerous icebergs and therefore hinder navigation and exploration of the gas fields beneath the sea bed. The speed of the Labrador current is typically, but can reach in some areas, whereas the Baffin Current is somewhat slower at about. The Labrador Current maintains the water temperature at and salinity between 30 and 34 parts per thousand.
The sea provides a significant part of the North Atlantic Deep Water — a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic, spreading out to form the largest identifiable water mass in the World Ocean. The NADW consists of three parts of different origin and salinity, and the top one, the Labrador Sea Water, is formed in the Labrador Sea. This part occurs at a medium depth and has a relatively low salinity, low temperature and high oxygen content compared to the layers above and below it. LSW also has a relatively low vorticity, i.e. the tendency to form vortices, than any other water in North Atlantic that reflects its high homogeneity. It has a potential density of 27.76–27.78 mg/cm3 relatively to the surface layers, meaning it is denser, and thus sinks under the surface and remains homogeneous and unaffected by the surface fluctuations.
Fauna
The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. This drift ice serves as a breeding ground for several types of pinnipeds. Several cetacean species feed in these abundant waters in early spring, including blue, fin, humpback, long-finned pilot, minke, the critically endangered North Atlantic right, sei and sperm whales. The sea contains one of the two primary populations of sei whales, the other being the Scotian Shelf. Pods of beluga whales are more common further to the north, west and south, and further afield in Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. While somewhat rarer in the Labrador Sea—especially since the 1950s— some sightings still take place. Additionally, pods of orca are drawn to the sea by the large shoals of fish, as well as the many marine mammal species they may hunt, such as harbour porpoise and Atlantic white-sided, common, striped and white-beaked dolphins.The sea is also a feeding-ground for Atlantic salmon. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, intensifying by 2000, in addition to cod fishing. However, by the 1990s, the cod fishing had already depleted the fishes' population near the Labrador and West Greenland banks, and was therefore halted in 1992. Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster, several species of flatfish, and pelagic fish, such as sand lance and capelin. They are most abundant in the southern parts of the sea.
The Labrador duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until the 19th century, but is now extinct. Other coastal animals include the Labrador wolf, woodland caribou, moose, black bear, Canada lynx, red fox, Arctic fox, wolverine, American mink, North American river otter, snowshoe hare, grouse, osprey, raven, ducks, geese, swans, partridge and pheasant. Occasionally, coastal polar bear sightings occur along the sea, mainly further north but sometimes as far south as Conception Bay and the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.