Labeoninae
Labeonins or labeoins are fish of the subfamily Labeoninae, which are ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They are freshwater fish, with the greatest species richness in the region around southern China, though they are present throughout subtropical and tropical Asia as well as equivalent regions in Africa. They are a generally very apomorphic group, perhaps the most "advanced" or derived of the Cyprinidae.
Anatomically, the labeonins are distinguished by traits of the Weberian apparatus contacting the skull with the supraneural bones, and its basioccipital process being concave in cross-section. The first vertebra has a parapophysis that is elongated to forward and partially overlaps the basioccipital process. The fourth vertebra, meanwhile, has a short but stout transverse process that is prominently elongated ventrally; the os suspensorium is often hidden behind if viewed from the side. In the skull, the frontal and sphenotic bones have prominent foramina. In the anal fin, the first pterygiophore is elongated and has well-developed anterior and posterior flanges, with the former very large and concave at the distal end. Most labeonins have the skinny flap of the underside of the snout well-developed into a fleshy cap that at least partially hides the upper lip except when feeding, and a similar structure at the lower lip.
Notable genera include Crossocheilus, Epalzeorhynchos and Garra, which contain some of the popular aquarium fishes often called "algae eaters", e.g. the Siamese algae-eater along with "pedicure fish" such as Garra rufa. Labeo – the type genus of this subfamily – contains many sizeable species which are often used as food.
Taxonomy
This clade include the group sometimes separated as Garrinae, but these do not seem to be that distinct. In fact, the entire Labeoninae is merged into the Cyprininae by a number of authors; in any case, these two and the former "Barbinae" form a close-knit group whose internal phylogeny is far from resolved. If the subfamily is considered distinct, it is typically split in the tribes Labeonini and Garrini, and sometimes in addition the Banganini ; this classification is however not based on genetic studies. If the labeo lineage is included in the Cyprininae, it becomes the tribe Labeonini, while its two subdivisions are the subtribes Labeoina, Garraina and perhaps Banganina.
Genera
Labeoninae contains the following genera:Ageneiogarra Garman, 1912Altigena Burton, 1934Bangana Hamilton, 1822Barbichthys Bleeker, 1860Ceratogarra Kottelat, 2020Cirrhinus Oken, 1817Cophecheilus Y. Zhu, E. Zhang, M. Zhang & Y. Q. Han, 2011Crossocheilus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823Decorus Zheng, Chen & Yang, 2019Diplocheilichthys Bleeker, 1859Discocheilus E. Zhang, 1997Discogobio S. Y. Lin, 1931Epalzeorhynchos Bleeker, 1855Fivepearlus C.-Q. Li, H. Yang, W. Li & H. Chen 2017Garra Hamilton, 1822Garroides V. H. Nguyễn & T.H.N. Vũ, 2014Guigarra Z.-B. Wang, X.-Y. Chen & L.-P. Zheng 2022Gymnostomus Heckel, 1843Henicorhynchus H. M. Smith, 1945Hongshuia E. Zhang, X. Qiang & J. H. Lan, 2008Incisilabeo Fowler, 1937Labeo Cuvier, 1816Labiobarbus van Hasselt, 1823Lanlabeo M. Yao, Y. He & Z.-G. Peng, 2018Linichthys E. Zhang & Fang, 2005Lobocheilos Bleeker, 1854Longanalus W. X. Li, 2006Mekongina Fowler, 1937Osteochilus Günther, 1868Paracrossochilus Popta, 1904Parapsilorhynchus Hora, 1921Paraqianlabeo H.-T. Zhao, Sullivan, Y.-G. Zhang & Z.-G. Peng 2014Parasinilabeo H. W. Wu, 1939Placocheilus H.-W. Wu, 1977Prolixicheilus L.-P. Zheng, X.-Y. Chen & J.-X. Yang, 2016Protolabeo L. An, B. S. Liu, Y. H. Zhao & C. G. Zhang, 2010Pseudocrossocheilus E. Zhang & J.-X. Chen, 1997Pseudogyrinocheilus P.-W. Fang, 1933Pseudoplacocheilus Xu [Li (ichthyologist)|X. Li], W. Zhou, C. Sun & X. Yun, 2024Ptychidio Myers, 1930Qianlabeo E. Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2004Rectoris S.-Y. Lin, 1935Schismatorhynchos Bleeker, 1855Semilabeo Peters, 1881Sinigarra E. Zhang & W. Zhou, 2012Sinilabeo Rendahl, 1933Sinocrossocheilus H.-W. Wu, 1977Speolabeo Kottelat, 2017Stenorynchoacrum Y. F. Huang, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2014Supradiscus X. Li, W. Zhou, C. Sun & X. Yun, 2024Tariqilabeo Mirza & Saboohi, 1990Thynnichthys Bleeker, 1859Vinagarra V. H. Nguyễn & T. A. Bùi, 2009Zuojiangia L.-P. Zheng, Y. He, J. X. Yang & L.B. Wu 2018
Phylogeny
The following is a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree from a study of a combined genetic dataset, from Zheng et. al 2012, with binomial names updated and well-recovered clades labeled with A, B, C, and D: