Kungurian

In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Kungurian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian.

Stratigraphy

The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of Kungur in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg in 1890.
The base of the Kungurian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella nanginkensis first appear.
The Kungurian contains three conodont biozones:

zone of Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus
zone of Neostreptognathodus prayi
zone of ''Neostreptognathodus pnevi''

Kungurian life

The Kungurian is the last stage in which many Permo-Carboniferous clades of vertebrates occur in the fossil record, and the end of this stage whitnessed one of the greatest faunal turnovers of the Permian. Early studies placed Olson's Extinction just after the Kungurian, but more recent studies only indicate that this possible extinction event is located around Kungurian/Roadian boundary. Howerver, higher-resolution stratigraphic data suggest that this even is actually a slow decline over 20 Ma that started in the Sakmarian and that may have extended into the Roadian, with many lineages of early synapsids becoming extinct in the Kungurian. However, assessment of the exact timing of these extinctions is hampered by a gap in the fossil record of continental vertebrates in the late Kungurian, at least in Texas and Oklahoma, two states that have an unparalleled fossil record of such taxa for the early to mid-Kungurian.