Korean sword
The traditions of Korean bladesmithing and swordsmanship have served a central place in the military history of Korea for thousands of years. Although typical Korean land battles have taken place in wide valleys and narrow mountain passes, which favor use of spears and bows, the sword found use as a secondary, close-quarters weapon, in addition to far more prominent role during sieges and ship-to-ship boarding actions. Higher quality, ceremonial swords were typically reserved for the officer corps as a symbol of authority with which to command the troops. Ceremonial swords are still granted to military officials by the civilian authority to this day.
Korean swords typically fall into two broad categories, the geom, and the do. The Geom is a double-edged weapon, while the Do is a single-edged weapon; although exceptions exist. In common parlance, all swords may be referred to as geom.
The history of the sword in Korea begins with bronze daggers of Bronze Age of which existing artifacts dates back to 10-9th century BCE. Iron use co-existed with Bronze use during the late Bronze Age.
The rarity of traditional Korean swords in the modern day has made them extremely valuable, with high demand from both museums and collectors.
History
Early swords
Evidence of sword production dates to the transitional Late Bronze to Early Iron Age, with anearthenware mold for a Bronze Sword found in South Gyeongsang Province.
The earliest Korean sword type is the so-called Hwandudaedo or "ring-pommel sword," prevalent during the 1st to 6th centuries. Until the 3rd century, these swords were very rare and presumably reserved for royalty. They became more attainable in the later 4th and during the 5th century, and are found in many higher class tombs of this period. Their production declined in the 6th century.
By the last third of the Three Kingdoms period, steel making techniques had come from China and were also employed in Korean swordmaking by all three Korean kingdoms. In 2013, a Chinese Character inscription was discovered on a 5th-century sword from the Geumgwanchong tomb in Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province.
The scabbard of the sword has the inscription 尒斯智王 Yisaji-wang.
Long swords during the Korean Three Kingdoms period were used primarily by cavalry and commanders, not infantry. At this time, land warfare consisted mostly of spearmen and bowmen on foot, mounted archers on horseback using two-handed bows, and mounted swordsmen with twin blades. Swords were not a primary weapon for all combat but were instead used mostly for shock attacks, defensive strokes, and for close-in fighting. Blades were heavy as they were made mostly of bronze and later iron, and pommels were often knobbed and used as balances or for very close-in work. Short swords may have been used in follow-up attacks, as short sword carriers were heavily armored.
During the Goryeo dynasty, a limited number of Korean swords were exported for trade missions in Asia. It is likely that Korean swordmaking was influenced by Mongol and Chinese weapon manufacture after Goryeo's submission as a Mongol vassal after 6 Mongol invasions ending in 1259.
Joseon Period (Hwando)
History
The sword used for combat during the Joseon Dynasty was called Hwando, and in the name 'Hwando ', 'Hwan' is the Hanja meaning ring. There are differing opinions about the origin of the name. 《Yungwon Pilbi》, a military book published in 1813 states that it originated from a ring for tying the sheath to the waist.The name 'Hwando ' appears first in 《Goryeosa》. It is written that when an envoy from the Yuan Dynasty arrived in April 1277, King Chungnyeol sent Yi Jang-mu to Chungju city to make 1,000 sacks of Hwando.
Carrying
There were many ways to wear the Hwando, including using a belt called Tti-don, wearing it on the back, around the shoulder, and around the waist by tying a string to the ring of the scabbard. During the Joseon Dynasty, swords were often worn with the hilt pointing toward the back.This method is mainly seen in countries that used cavalry as its main force. It is said that this method was designed because if the sword was worn with the hilt facing forward, the sheath at the back would hit the horse and hinder its movement when running fast on horseback. It also has the advantage of being more comfortable when shooting a bow because the hilt does not get in the way. This type of sword-wearing is a fairly common style of sword-wearing that appears in Mongolia, the Ming dynasty, the Qing dynasty.
Anatomy
The method in which the sword hilt faces backwards is mainly seen in attire using Tti-don, which makes it easy to turn the hilt, but it is difficult to know exactly when Tti-don was used in Korea. However, during the Yuan Intervention period, the mainstream in Mongolia was to kick the sword with the hilt facing forward. Also, in the Hwando paintings from the early Joseon Dynasty depicted in 《Sejong Silok》 and the 《Gukjo-oyreui》, there is only a ring for the scabbard and no bandon is depicted, and even in the royal tombs of the mid-Joseon Dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries, figures wearing sword sheaths with rings are carved. Considering this, it appears that it was common until the mid-Joseon Dynasty to wear the sword with the hilt facing forward in a looped manner. The oldest Hwando where Tti-don is found is Yu Sŏngnyong's Hwando. Considering this, it is highly likely that the Tti-don and the method of kicking the sword with the hilt facing backwards were introduced starting around the mid-Joseon Dynasty under the influence of the Ming Dynasty or the Jurchen people.The Hwando of the early Joseon Dynasty, as recorded in the 《Sejong Silok》 and the 《Gukjo-oyreui》, is not only greatly curved but also short in length. Looking at the blade length regulations for the Hwando recorded in 《Munjong Silok》, it is 1.7 ja for infantry use and 1.6 ja for cavalry use, and the length of the handle is 2 gwon for infantry use and 1 gwon 3 ji for cavalry use.
The overall shape of the blade is a curved, single-edged sword. Due to partial heat treatment, there were faint patterns on the blade. The curvature varied, with some swords having a pronounced curve and others being almost straight. Generally, it resembles a Japanese Katana, but unlike the Katana, there is often no distinct boundary line at the tip of the blade, making the tip relatively ambiguous.
Regarding cross-sections, there were triangular, single-plane pentagonal, pentagonal, and hexagonal types depending on the shape. However, due to durability issues, triangular swords were used for personal protection or assassination, like the changpogeom, while the military typically used Hwandos with hexagonal or pentagonal cross-sections. There are very few single-plane pentagonal artifacts, and little is known about their advantages and disadvantages.
There is a record that when Koreans obtained a Japanese sword, they would grind down the back and side slopes to make the sides flat and the edge angular. That shows the differences between Japanese sword and Hwando. However, most surviving Hwandos have clear angular ridges on the blade back, similar to the shinogi of a Japanese sword. The cross-sections of the hwandos unearthed from Dongnae Citadel were also pentagonal and hexagonal, and even swords from the Goryeo period excavated from Cheoin Fortress had angular blade backs.
Also there is a record that Japanese swords as having softer steel on the left and harder steel on the right, with the left side of the blade ground obliquely, indicating a single-plane structure. However, typical Japanese swords do not have steel joined on both sides, and although there were single-plane types in Japan, they were not mainstream.
Locking system
The lock can be pulled out as one of the characteristic styles of Hwando. Unlike swords from other cultures, the sword had a separate locking device, and there was very little chance that the sword would come out on its own even during vigorous activity. In the early Joseon Dynasty, a locking device called a Binyeojang was mainly used. 'Binyeo ' of Binyeojang literally means Binyeo, the traditional Korean hairpin.This was to prevent the sword from falling out of the scabbard, and the hole on the back of the shield was to secure the sword with a Binyeojang. Of course, it was not without its drawbacks. Additional processes were required for production, and of course there was a possibility of damage. And in fact, as it is not like there are no hobbyists in Hwando who can perform the minimal locking role, it is actually rather common for Hwando to also not have a locking device. It can be seen that the locking device was just one of the many styles of Hwando.
Japanese sword in Korea
History
During the Imjin War, the Joseon Army confiscated Japanese swords. However, the Japanese sword introduced during this period was not the origin of the Hwando. The Hwando and the Japanese Sword are similar in appearance, but in the Joseon dynasty, there was a clear distinction between the Hwando and the Japanese sword.According to historical relics, the Hwando and Japanese sword evolved independently since Goryeo dynasty and took on similar shapes with Katana before the Imjin War. This can be described as convergent evolution, and historical documents show that the Hwando was influenced by the Central Asian Sabre that came through the Yuan dynasty to the Goryeo dynasty rather than the influence of the Japanese sword. Although it is not recorded in the documents, some historians speculate that Joseon craftsmen making Hwando may have adopted some of the styles of Japanese swords through the Imjin War.
Typology
Introduction
Geom is the Korean word for "sword;" it is typically used of double-edged swords, but is also applied to single-edged swords. Yedo is the specific term for a single-edged sword.Elements of the Korean sword include: geomjip or scabbard, most often of lacquer; hyuljo or fuller ; hwando magi or collar; ho in or collar; kodeungi or hand guard; a ring-design pommel; tassels; a round and wide designed sword guard, or a straight lotus design.