Kitsai language


Kitsai, headquartered in Anadarko, Oklahoma.

Phonology

Consonants

Kitsai's consonant inventory consists of the phonemes shown in the chart below. The phoneme /c/ is analyzed below as a palatal stop, even though its typical realization is alveolar with delayed release, so as to not have an affricate "series" consisting of only one phoneme. Similarly, /w/ is analyzed as a velar rather than a labial so as to not be the only labial consonant.
AlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Stop
Affricatec
Fricative
Nasal
Sonoranty

Vowels

Kitsai has the following vowel phonemes:
When adjacent to //, the vowels // and // appear to mostly exist in free variation with // and // respectively. There are a few instances where // does not occur next to //, like the word for "owl", but this is rare. Ultimately, the phonemic status of // is unclear.

Documentation

Kitsai is documented in the still mostly-unpublished field notes of anthropologist Alexander Lesser, of Hofstra University. Lesser discovered five speakers of Kitsai in 1928 and 1929, none of whom spoke English. Communicating to the Kitsai speakers through Wichita/English bilingual translators, he filled 41 notebooks with Kitsai material.
Kai Kai was the last fluent speaker of Kitsai. She was born around 1849 and lived eight miles north of Anadarko. Kai Kai worked with Lesser to record vocabulary and oral history and prepare a grammar of the language.
In the 1960s, Lesser shared his materials with Salvador Bucca of the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, and they published scholarly articles on Kitsai.

Vocabulary

Some Kitsai words include the following:
  • wari:ni
  • kotay
  • 'taxko
  • a'tsi'u
  • wí:ta
  • 'ihts
  • kaxtsnu
  • ho'tonu
  • tsakwákt