Kishenji
Mallojula Koteswara Rao, commonly known by his nom de guerre Kishenji, was an Indian Maoist leader who was a Politburo and Central Military Commission member of the Communist Party of India, a banned terrorist organization in India; and also the party's military leader. He was seen as "The Face of the Maoism in India".
Early life and family
Kishenji was born into a poor family in Peddapalli which eked out a living on priesthood in nearby temples. His classmates remember him as "Kotanna", and describe him as being "like a live wire and full of ideas during school days". In 1973, after graduating from SSR College at Warangal, he shifted to Hyderabad to study LL.B. at Osmania University. His mother, Madhuramma, used to call him by the nickname, "Koti". On a night in 1974, when he was leaving home to go underground and join the Maoists, his last words to his mother were, "police are looking for me and so from today, do not even think about whether I am dead or alive." Going after Kishenji, the police knocked down the Mallojula family's house, during the "search operations" in 1982. After Madhuramma heard about the demise of her son, she burst into tears, and her first words were:His elder brother, Anjaneyulu, who is a retired employee of a cooperative bank, says that after joining the communists, Kishenji had not done any favour to his own family, but restlessly struggled for the well-being of "poor and downtrodden" people. His younger brother, Mallujola Venugopal Rao is also a Maoist cadre for over 30 years, and a Politburo member of CPI. For over three decades, Kishenji and Venugopal did not have any communication with their mother. Kishenji married Maisa alias Sujata, who was also a Maoist, and the family is now worried about her whereabouts. Anjaneyulu asked the government to give his body to the family as the family wished to view him for "the last time" and carry out the funeral ceremony.
Early political life
Kishenji did not view the independence from British rule to be genuine freedom, rather he believed that it has only strengthened the rich ruling class and brought no meaningful change in the life of poor and tribal people. His classmates says that he had a strong aversion towards feudalism. His political career launched when he joined the Telangana movement and volunteered as a member of the Telangana Sangarsh Samiti. He subsequently founded the Radical Students Union in Telangana. He became a full-time member of the People's War Group in 1974. He decided to go "underground" to participate in the revolution when the Emergency was declared in 1975. Prime amongst his motivations were the revolutionary writer, Varavara Rao, who launched the Revolutionary Writers' Association, and the then "political atmosphere and the progressive environment" in which he was raised. Poets like Sri Sri, Kaloji Narayana Rao and Varavara Rao were often invited by him, at his house.The peasant movement of Karimnagar's Jagitial and Siricilla in 1977 were also overseen by Kishenji, in which more than 60,000 farmers participated, resulting in a "peasant uprising" throughout India. The uprising was viewed as anti–feudal in nature, and is evaluated to had been the substratum for the establishment of the People's War Group few years later by Kondapalli Seetharamaiah. He was viewed as the joint founder of the People's War Group, and had worked as its Politburo member.
Guerrilla life
"Soft-spoken", "well-read", "IT-savvy", and able to communicate in at least six languages including English, Telugu, Bengali, Hindi, Santhali and Oriya, Kishenji was a cadre with extraordinary qualities. He was a "media-friendly" cadre and once described himself as a "soft-hearted person, willing to forgive".He used several assumed names, including Murali, Pradip, Prahlad, and Vimal. From 1982 to 1986, he strengthened the movement in Andhra Pradesh as the state secretary of the Communist Party of India People's War, and later-on lead the Dandakaranya unit of the outfit from 1986 to 1992. From 1992 to 2000, he worked in North East, and reportedly, successfully collaborated with the rebels operating in the region.
After spending decades, in the Naxal belt of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh, he relocated to West Bengal around 2000, to boost the armed struggle in the region. His influence rode high in the tribal hinterland of West Bengal, often known as Jungalmahal, that borders Jharkhand. He strengthened the ultra-leftist political party in West Bengal and rose as a momentous member of the Eastern Region Bureau of the party. He had played a crucial part in the merger of the People's War Group with the Maoist Communist Centre of India in 2004, which resulted in the emergence of the Communist Party of India ; and he was the Central Military Commission member of the party since its formation.
He planned and executed several attacks on the State's armed forces. In 2010, he planned and directed a furious attack on the Silda camp in West Bengal, and in which 24 paramilitary personnel of Eastern Frontier Rifles were gunned down, and later, described the massacre as the Maoists' "Operation Peace Hunt" in answer to the Indian government's "Operation Green Hunt." However, the attack is believed to have been executed on the ground level by "women commanders", one of whom was captured later from West Midnapore. After the raid at the paramilitary force camp at West Midnapore, he said to journalists:
During his campaign in West Bengal, he had been accused of "sidelining" native leaders who supposedly "fell out with him", but later in December 2010, the arrested Maoists stated that there was "no rift" between West Bengal State Committee members and Kishenji.
Kishenji's sympathisers and comrades believed that he would never be arrested or shot, that however, was proved to be a false assumption.
Views on Jyoti Basu and Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee
In January 2010, Kishenji wrote and faxed an 8-page paper to media, in which he held Jyoti Basu as responsible for the "underdevelopment" and "resulting unrest" in the forest region districts of West Bengal. He even questioned Basu's basic understanding of communism. He wrote:He also considered Bhattacharjee's strategies to be faulty and responsible for the subsequent violence in West Bengal's forest dominated territories; and even planned to eliminate him at West Midnapore, in 2008.
Views on Islamic upsurge
Kishenji said, "The Islamic upsurge should not be opposed as it is basically anti-US and anti-imperialist in nature. We, therefore, want it to grow".Views on Lashkar-e-Taiba
Kishenji had described the policies of Lashkar-e-Taiba as "wrong" and "anti-people" in nature; though he said that they may consider backing up a few of their demands, if LeT will halt its "terrorist acts".Death
Kishenji was killed on 24 November 2011, in an operation by Commando Battalion for Resolute Action, assisted by over 1,000 personnel of Central Reserve Police Force, who cordoned off a forested area in West Midnapore district near the Bengal-Jharkhand border. He was killed at around 9:30 pm. The body was later identified by former associate Soma Mandi and by Atindranath Dutta, a police officer who had been held captive by the group in 2009. The arrested Maoist, Telugu Deepak, was also brought to West Midnapore for the body's identification. The body of Kishenji was first taken to Jhargram hospital morgue and then to the Midnapore police morgue for post-mortem examination.After confirmation of the death of Kishenji, some regional ultra-radical organisations, other political personnel, and family members claimed that Kishenji had been captured and later killed while in CRPF custody, an allegation dismissed by then CRPF Director-General K. Vijay Kumar, who said it was "an absolutely clean operation." The radical Telugu poet Varavara Rao has claimed that "the story of an encounter was a fabrication", and described Kishenji's killing as a "political murder." After the encounter, police were able to produce only Kishenji's body, which has raised some suspicion, because Kishenji was always surrounded by bodyguards and other associates. Gurudas Dasgupta, The Communist Party of India leaders Raj Kumar Singh, Samajwadi Party leader Mohan Singh, human rights activist and negotiator appointed by Mamata Banerjee, Choton Das, and Krishna Adhikari shared the same view and demanded an unbiased independent judicial inquiry from the India government officials. Sitaram Yechury refrained from sharing his point of view on the questions and accusations rising after the encounter of Kishenji; he said that "the development has put the security forces a step ahead of the Maoists as far as law and order is concerned."
From the family, Kishenji's niece Deepa Rao, accompanied by Varavara Rao, identified the militant body and bringing it to his hometown. After seeing her uncle's body, Deepa accused the CRPF of horribly torturing him. After viewing Kishenji's body, Varavara Rao told media:
The Hindu noted that despite close monitoring and scrutinising of the visitors by police force at every single point of entry into Peddapalli including local bus stops and railway platforms, "thousands" of people approached Kishenji's house to offer condolences to his family, shouting slogans like "Amar rahe Kishenji", "Kishenji Amar hai" and "Johar Amarajeevi Kishenji". A large number of Maoists' sympathisers, representatives of a number of people's organisations, civil liberties activists, artists, singers including Gaddar, and revolutionary writers including Varavara Rao attended the funeral ceremony of Kishenji, and paid the last "Lal Salam" to the Maoists' leader. His classmates and friends were also present at his house to comfort his grieving mother. While Anjaneyulu lit the "funeral pyre", the statement from CPI 's Central Committee, in which the party has accused that Kishenji was assassinated in a fake encounter, was read out by Varavara Rao. Also, maintaining the view-point that Kishenji was killed in a scripted fake encounter, Varavara Rao described the West Bengal government's actions as "fascist" in nature by pointing towards the encounters in the state, and even accused the Trinamool Congress of pressurising the doctors to declare that Kishenji was not killed in a fake encounter. A few days later, on the morning of 7 December 2011, the photographs of Kishenji's body before the post-mortem procedure were leaked online.
During a rally organized by the Association for Protection of Democratic Rights at Kolkata, Varavara Rao announced that the Maoist sympathizers are consulting their lawyers to file murder charges "against those involved in the encounter" of Kishenji, under Section 302 of IPC. Kishenji's mother also wrote a letter to the Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court, requesting a juridical inquisition of his encounter. She said,"My son believed in something and he was murdered for that. I want to know how and who are the people behind his killing. I will go to the Calcutta High Court and, if necessary, to the Supreme Court to find out why they killed him like that." The former National Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, B. D. Sharma, has described Kishenji's encounter as a "cold-blooded murder and planned assassination."