ǁKabbo
ǁKábbo was a noted storyteller and chronicler of ǀXam culture and knowledge. He was a ǀXam, a San people of South Africa. From 1871 to 1873, he lived with Dr Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd and played an important role in contributing to the Bleek and Lloyd archive of “Specimens of Bushman Folklore” providing the life, rituals, and beliefs of ǀXam society.
Youth and early adult life
ǁKábbo was born around 1815 in an area referred to as The Bitterpits, located some 50 km South of today’s small town of Kenhardt. At the time, the area was outside of the borders of the Cape Colony. The name ǁKábbo means ‘Dream’, but was given to him only as a young man. His childhood name was ‘|Han≠i≠I’, meaning ‘husband’s thoughts’.During his childhood, he experienced a time of great drought, in which his father and other family members died. He lost his mother while a teenager. In the early 1840s, he married !Kwabba-an, with whom he had three children, one of whom died in infancy. He has shared extensive accounts of the landscape and the places which he ‘owned’, having inherited them from his father; most of these places are associated with hunting of animals such as ostriches or springboks.
Relationship with European settlers (1840s to 1860s)
From ǁKábbo’s accounts, we can gain insights into the interactions of Europeans with |Xam people in the area over these critical decades of the 19th century. Already in the 1840s, ǁKábbo saw many younger members of his extended family ‘being taken’, i.e. being coerced to go and work for the Boers. In the 1850s, after Governor Sir Harry Smith extended the colonial boundary from the Sak River up to the Orange River. It seems that ǁKábbo had the traumatic experience of witnessing part of his extended family being massacred by a Boer commando.His accounts about later episodes of his life include many happy episodes of hunting with his daughter’s husband |Han≠kass’o in the 1860s. This is the period of the ostrich feathers’ boom at the Cape, and there is evidence that |Xam became involved in some barter with white farmers, where they would exchange ostrich feathers for tobacco or other goods.
In the late 1860s, another period of drought set in, worsened for the |Xam by the white settlers’ control of the land for their cattle. Around 1868, ǁKábbo is said to have become the leader of a notorious gang of cattle thieves, which according to Tony Traill had stolen 19 head of cattle around May–June 1868, and further 10 head of cattle in the winter of 1868.
Arrest, trial and prison sentence
Following the Northern Border Protection Act, passed by the Cape Parliament in August 1868, the government sent troops to restore order; in March 1869 they arrested hundreds of Korana pastoralists, who were known to raid settler farms, and in a mop-up operation arrested a dozen |Xam individuals for theft of livestock, among them ǁKábbo, his son and his son-in-law.ǁKábbo has reported that after their arrest, the three men were transported to Victoria West by wagon. In Victoria West, they were tried and convicted to two years of hard labour on 23 October 1869. At first they were made to work towards the construction of a road in Victoria West, but later they were transferred to a jail without a roof in Beaufort West, before being taken by foot to Wellington where they were transported to Cape Town. On 1 March 1870, they were entered in the register of prisoners of Cape Town’s Breakwater Convict Station and were subsequently made to work at the docks. This is where he met linguist Dr Wilhelm Bleek and his sister-in-law Lucy Lloyd, in November 1870. In January 1871, Bleek subjected ǁKábbo to the humiliating experience of being photographed naked, in accordance with the specifications provided by Thomas Huxley, to contribute to Huxley’s empire-wide project of gathering photographic specimens for anthropological purposes.
Storytelling at The Hill, Mowbray (1871-1873)
After learning the basics of |Xam language from their first young informant |A!kunta, Bleek and Lloyd were keen to host a new informant that would be able to share more about |Xam stories and mythology. ǁKábbo was a more experienced man who had accumulated considerable practical knowledge and was also a passionate storyteller. ǁKábbo was transferred from the Breakwater Convict House to The Hill, the Bleeks’ house in Mowbray in February 1871 and became Bleek and Lloyd’s second |Xam informant. In daytime and evening sessions, Bleek and Lloyd recorded elements of ǁKábbo’s, a of the place where he comes from, and rich stories retracing both |Xam mythology, old legends and family stories, as well as scenes from everyday life of the |Xam, such as practices associated with hunting of ostriches or springboks. ǁKábbo’s stories were often told over many days, and he used digressions, dialogues and body language to enliven and possibly to stretch the narrative.Although ǁKábbo’s prison sentence had ended by mid-1871, he stayed at The Hill until 1873, but was feeling increasingly nostalgic and homesick. He also expressed frustration at having to work as a servant to Bleek’s wife Jemima and her sisters, a relationship that was at odds with the sense of dignity and respect which he felt was due to older men.