Jutlandic

Jutlandic, or Jutish, is the western variety of Danish, spoken on the peninsula of Jutland in Denmark.
Generally, Jutlandic can be divided into two different dialects: general or Northern Jutlandic and Southern Jutlandic. However, the linguistic variation is considerably more complicated and well over 20 separate isoglosses exist throughout Jutland. There are major phonological differences between the dialects, but also very noteworthy morphological, syntactic, and semantic variations.

Subdialects

The different subdialects of Jutlandic differ somewhat from each other, and are generally grouped in three main dialects, where two of them are sometimes considered together.

Sønderjysk is often seen as very difficult for other speakers of Danish, even other Jutlandic dialects to understand. Instead of the normal Danish stød, it has tonal accents like Swedish. Many of the phonemes are also different, including velar fricatives much like in German. It also has the definite article before the noun, as opposed to the standard Danish postclitic article.

Østjysk is the closest to the standard of the three Jutlandic dialects, but still differs widely in the pronunciation of vowels and the voiced stops word initially or intervocalically. Some dialects of East Jutlandic also still have three genders, like the majority of Norwegian dialects.

''Vestjysk''

Vestjysk is also well known for this enclitic article as well as a complete lack of gender distinction. Phonetically, it is known for having for the phoneme in all positions, as opposed to only post-vocalically in standard Danish. It also can exhibit stød in slightly different environments from the standard.

Phonology

Consonants

Standard Danish phonology contains nasal, aspirated voiceless and devoiced plosives. Four voiceless fricatives are present, as well as four approximants:. There are also four approximants, including three regular and one lateral:. Below is a table depicting the phonemic inventory of Danish and Jutlandic consonants, with phonemes only seen in the dialects of Jutland in bold.

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Alveopalatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal					'
Plosive	,		,			,
Fricative	'	, '				', '
Approximant					',
Lateral					'
Velar coarticulation	', '		'

The most prevalent phonological process in Jutlandic consonants is lenition, which is the weakening of originally voiceless consonants in either the coda of a syllable or word as well as intervocalically. This process causes voicing as well as the reduction from a stop to a fricative and finally to a sonorant. The final step of lenition is then complete apocope.
This phenomenon can be seen in all its stages in the Jutlandic dialects, although it shows considerably more variability in the alveolars. The bilabials still have the approximant in one dialect, but no null phoneme and the velars have no sonorants, only a voiceless stop and fricative.
The stages of the lenition as well as which dialects they occur in can be seen in the table below. Multiple possibilities for the same stage are shown separated by a semicolon. In Maps and the spread of the pronunciation of and are shown. The represents the null or zero morpheme in the maps, the and are and respectively and is the devoiced velar stop while stands for the fricative. Vends and Læsø are regions usually belonging to the Northern Jutlandic dialectal region whereas Fjolds is the border region between Germany and Denmark, normally considered part of South Jutlandic.

Standard lenition	-v Stop	+v Stop	+ or – v fricative	Flapping	Approximant	∅
Standard lenition	Old Danish	Standard Danish	North Western Jutlandic, Northern Jutlandic, Southern Jutlandic		Mid-Eastern Jutlandic; Mid-Western Jutlandic, South Jutlandic1	Vends, East South Jutlandic
Jutlandic alveolars	,	,		N/A		∅
Jutlandic alveolars	Old Danish	Standard Danish, Mid-Eastern Jutlandic, Fjolde	Northern Jutlandic, Mid-Eastern Jutlandic; Middle and Southern Jutlandic, North South Jutlandic; South Jutlandic	N/A	Læsø
Jutlandic bilabials	,	,		N/A		N/A
Jutlandic bilabials	Old Danish	Standard Danish, Northern Jutlandic, North South Jutlandic	South Jutlandic	N/A		N/A
Jutlandic velars	,	,		N/A	N/A	N/A

e.g. In Southern Jutlandic, Scandinavian post-vocalic p, k become word-finally, whereas Standard Danish has b, g, e.g. søge 'to seek' = Standard Danish, tabe 'lose' = Standard Danish. In the northern part of Southern Jutland, these sounds are voiced fricatives between vowels, i.e. : e.g. søger 'seeks' = Standard Danish, taber 'loses' = Standard Danish.

Vowels

Standard Danish has a large vowel inventory and contrasts length on many vowels. Vowels can also be glottalized where the so-called stød is present and many change their quality depending on whether or not they are preceded or followed by an .
Jutlandic exhibits many diphthongs not present in standard Danish. The long stressed mid vowels are diphthongised as respectively in central Jutland and the South Schleswig dialect, e.g. ben = Standard Danish 'leg', bonde 'farmer' = Standard Danish .
South Jutlandic has the same vowel quality for these vowels, but exhibits a tonal distinction, which is present in place of the Danish stød. Northern Jutlandic raises them without diphthongising them to respectively. In Hards, a small area of Mid Western Jutland, the vowels become diphthongised with a glide much like in English, and are pronounced as.
In Northern Jutland, are also diphthongised in two syllable words with a glide. Northern Jutlandic always has the glide present and North Western Jutlandic tends towards the glide, but it is not present for all speakers. Long and have been raised to and respectively in northern Jutlandic, e.g. sagde 'said' = Standard Danish, gå 'go, walk' = Standard Danish.
Map shows the different possible pronunciations for the standard Danish mid, stressed vowels which is further explained in the following table:

Standard Danish	Northern Jutlandic	North Western Jutlandic	Mid-Western Jutlandic	Mid-Eastern Jutlandic	Southern Jutlandic	South Jutlandic	South Schleswig dialect

Outside of these diphthongs arising from changes in pronunciation from standard Danish long vowels, there are also the following diphthongs:,,, /, / and /. and are both present in Vends, North Western Jutlandic and Mid-Western Jutlandic but only one occurs in Østjysk, South Jutlandic and Southern Jutlandic. There is a tendency towards, but in Mid-Eastern Jutlandic can be found instead. The same sort of alternation is also seen with and. In Mid-Western Jutlandic, Northern Jutlandic and North Western Jutlandic both diphthongs exist. In Mid-Eastern Jutlandic there is an alternation between the two, but each speaker only has one. In Southern Jutlandic and South Jutlandic, only is found. is present as a diphthong in all of Jutland with the exception of the island of Fanø, but has different pronunciations depending on length of the segments. The remaining diphthongs show a distribution based on rounding. In the majority of Jutland the unrounded diphthong is rounded. In South Eastern Jutland the rounded one is unrounded and only in certain parts of Sønderjylland are both diphthongs preserved. Map shows the rounding alternation for the front, close diphthong /.
An interesting phenomenon in western South Jutlandic and Mid-Western Jutlandic, North Western Jutlandic as well as Northern Jutlandic is the so-called klusilspring. The klusilspring can be seen as a modified stød that only occurs on high vowels. These long vowels are shortened and then followed by a klusil, or plosive, or in some cases a spirant. In Vends and western South Jutlandic the three pronunciations become:,, and and they have the same pronunciation but followed by a schwa if not in the coda. An area in North Western Jutlandic designated on the map as Him-V has instead, and and in Mid-Western Jutlandic it is similar with the also containing a glide and in all three cases a schwa is inserted if it is not in the coda of the syllable. The rest of North Western Jutlandic along the coast has the schwa as well but a fricative instead of a stop, so the sounds are,, and. In the rest of the Jutlandic dialects the vowel quality is overall the same, with gliding in North Western Jutlandic on the map and only unrounded front vowels in Djurs dialect.